Der Einfluss der Bildungsherkunft auf den Berufseinstieg und die ersten Erwerbsjahre von Universitätsabsolventen
Titelübersetzung:Influence of the education background on the career start and the first work years of university graduates
Autor/in:
Jacob, Marita; Klein, Markus
Quelle: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 35 (2013) H. 1, S. 8-37
Inhalt: "Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, ob sich das Einkommen und die berufliche Position von Hochschulabsolventen aus unterschiedlichen Herkunftsfamilien unterscheiden. Insbesondere bei Absolventen von 'weichen' Studienfächern wie den Geisteswissenschaften sind stärkere Einflüsse der sozialen Herkunft zu erwarten als bei Absolventen 'harter' Fächer wie den Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften. Die empirischen Analysen basieren auf Daten der HIS-Absolventenbefragungen 1997 und 2001. Sowohl beim Einkommen als auch beim Erreichen einer Führungsposition sind soziale Unterschiede vorhanden, diese lassen sich aber vollständig auf Prozesse vor dem Studienabschluss zurückführen. Vor allem die sozial unterschiedliche Studienfachwahl, der Studienverlauf sowie Promotion bzw. Promotionsabsicht beeinflussen den Berufseinstieg und die ersten Erwerbsjahre. Lediglich in den klassischen Professionen Medizin, Pharmazie und Rechtswissenschaften ist ein darüber hinausgehender direkter Einfluss der sozialen Herkunft auf die berufliche Stellung erkennbar." (Autorenreferat)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the first "YES"
Autor/in:
Toulemon, Laurent
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 179-200
Inhalt: "Together with three colleagues, the author has been asked by the MPIDR to debate
the following question: 'Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing
for gender equality to raise fertility?' Setting aside the 'lighthearted' side of
this 'Rostocker Debate', (12 minutes for each speech, one minute for each comment),
the author saws this as a good opportunity to think about the stakes behind the question.
In order to address this complex issue, it is necessary to think about the many 'preliminary
questions' that we have to ponder before responding: Why should fertility be raised?
Are political measures legitimate? Are they efficient? On what basis are we qualified
to give 'expert' opinions on such a topic? When the question comes to the fore, we
as scholars are sometimes asked to provide an answer. It would, of course, be more
comfortable not to answer, but our interlocutors (politicians, journalists, teachers,
and also funding agencies) often want a definite response one way or the other. Even
though our position may be a matter of politics as well as a matter of science, we
must give an answer. The empirical evidence shows that European countries where gender
inequality is lower are also the countries where fertility is the highest. This is
the evidence-based response that we can give to that question. European countries
need to find a new equilibrium after the end of the baby boom period, when gender
equality was very low. In all countries, the empowerment of women is underway, thanks
to the economic independence given by work-related income. Increasing gender equality
is an efficient way to reduce the opportunity costs of having and raising children,
and thus to increase fertility. Finally, 'pushing for gender equality' may have many
positive effects other than raising fertility, and has few negative side effects.
Gender equality is thus a convenient political aim per se; an institutional goal which
leaves many political questions open. So, yes, we agree that governments in Europe
should be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility!" (author's
abstract)|
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR,
on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for
the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side
represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the
most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity
theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in
the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased
gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given
the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society,
pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming
for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)|
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the first "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : die Antwort ist "ja"
Autor/in:
Toulemon, Laurent
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 179-200
Inhalt: "Together with three colleagues, the author has been asked by the MPIDR to debate the following question: 'Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility?' Setting aside the 'lighthearted' side of this 'Rostocker Debate', (12 minutes for each speech, one minute for each comment), the author saws this as a good opportunity to think about the stakes behind the question. In order to address this complex issue, it is necessary to think about the many 'preliminary questions' that we have to ponder before responding: Why should fertility be raised? Are political measures legitimate? Are they efficient? On what basis are we qualified to give 'expert' opinions on such a topic? When the question comes to the fore, we as scholars are sometimes asked to provide an answer. It would, of course, be more comfortable not to answer, but our interlocutors (politicians, journalists, teachers, and also funding agencies) often want a definite response one way or the other. Even though our position may be a matter of politics as well as a matter of science, we must give an answer. The empirical evidence shows that European countries where gender inequality is lower are also the countries where fertility is the highest. This is the evidence-based response that we can give to that question. European countries need to find a new equilibrium after the end of the baby boom period, when gender equality was very low. In all countries, the empowerment of women is underway, thanks to the economic independence given by work-related income. Increasing gender equality is an efficient way to reduce the opportunity costs of having and raising children, and thus to increase fertility. Finally, 'pushing for gender equality' may have many positive effects other than raising fertility, and has few negative side effects. Gender equality is thus a convenient political aim per se; an institutional goal which leaves many political questions open. So, yes, we agree that governments in Europe should be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility!" (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Ja"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR, on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society, pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "NO"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Nein"
Autor/in:
Neyer, Gerda
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 225-250
Inhalt: "This paper argues against the suggestion that governments should push for gender equality more aggressively in order to raise fertility. The paper presents a threefold 'no' to this proposal. It takes issue with the goal of raising fertility, arguing that the claims that fertility must be increased are based on myths. It rejects a more aggressive pursuit of gender equality for demographic purposes, maintaining that this method preserves inequality. It warns against using gender equality for fertility purposes, stating that this narrows the realm of gender equality. The paper is based on a debate held at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, at which the author was asked to argue against the gender equality-fertility proposal. The other participants in the debate were Laurent Toulemon ('yes'), Dimiter Philipov ('no'), and Livia Oláh ('yes')." (author's abstract)
Fertilitätsentscheidungen im Partnerschaftskontext : eine Analyse der Bedeutung der Bildungskonstellation von Paaren für die Familiengründung anhand des Mikrozensus 1996-2004
Titelübersetzung:Fertility decisions and partnership context effects of educational constellations on family formation based on German Mikrozensus data from 1996-2004
Autor/in:
Bauer, Gerrit; Jacob, Marita
Quelle: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 62 (2010) H. 1, S. 31-60
Inhalt: "Zahlreiche Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich bei der Analyse fertilen Verhaltens auf Merkmale der Frau, deutlich weniger auf Merkmale des Mannes. Die meisten Kinder werden jedoch in bestehenden Paarbeziehungen gezeugt und geboren. Im vorliegenden Beitrag nehmen wir daher eine Paarperspektive ein und modellieren die Familiengründung als partnerschaftliche Entscheidung. Die Autoren untersuchen hierbei vor allem die Bedeutung des je eigenen Bildungsniveaus in Abhängigkeit von dem des Partners und den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bildungskonstellationen in Partnerschaften." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "A review of existing sociological literature on fertility decisions reveals that most empirical studies focus on characteristics of the female spouse as explanatory factors, while the role of the partner is neglected for the most part. However, most children are fathered and born into an existing relationship and the influence of the partner has to be regarded as an important determining factor for childbirth. The authors propose starting from a bargaining perspective and model family-formation as a collective decision mutually agreed upon by both spouses, especially scrutinizing on the interrelation of both partners' educational level. In this paper, they examine in how far certain educational constellations have an impact on family formation. Classical theories of family economics suggest that educational asymmetries between partners may encourage parenthood. Our analysis is based on German Mikrozensus data collected between 1996 and 2004. The large sample allows them to analyze in detail the effects of educational levels as well as uncommon educational constellations. In a first step, the authors investigate separate effects of general and vocational education of each partner, followed by a quasi-cohort design, with women born in the mid 1960th and mid 1970th, to study the timing of the first birth. They conclude that traditional hypergamy may foster parenthood. But also educational homogamy leads to a higher amount of parents as compared to hypogamous couples, in which the wife's educational qualification exceeds the husband's educational degree." (author's abstract)
Titelübersetzung:Social relationships and acquisition of knowledge
Autor/in:
Allmendinger, Jutta; Nikolai, Rita; Ebner, Christian
Quelle: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Sonderheft, (2007) H. 47, S. 487-513
Inhalt: "Ziel des Beitrages ist es, die Relevanz von Sozialkapital für die individuellen Bildungschancen und den Bildungserwerb darzulegen. Soziales Kapital sollte hierbei nicht isoliert von anderen Kapitalsorten gedacht werden. Denn Beziehungen nutzen wenig, wenn die mit dem Individuum verbundenen Personen selbst über geringe Ressourcen verfügen. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen wird nach einem ersten allgemeinen Überblick über die Bildungssituation in Deutschland neben Sozialkapital der Einfluss von ökonomischem und kulturellem Kapital auf die Kompetenzentwicklung und den Bildungsverlauf dargelegt. Die Autoren verweisen zudem darauf, neben der Mikroebene auch die Ebene der Institutionen und 'übergeordnete' Kompositionseffekte nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren. Ferner wird für zukünftige Untersuchungen zum Thema Sozialkapital und Bildung angeregt, neben den Eltern und Geschwistern auch Freunde, Klassenkameraden und Lehrer stärker zu berücksichtigen, nicht nur formale Abschlüsse, sondern auch Kompetenzen als Ressourcen zu sehen und die Dauerhaftigkeit von Beziehungen und Nutzung von Kapital zu berücksichtigen. Hierfür bedarf es eines stärker interdisziplinären Vorgehens sowie breit angelegten Längsschnittstudien." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The purpose of this article is to reveal the significance of social capital for individual educational opportunities and the acquisition of knowledge. Hereby, social capital should not be thought of as separate from other forms of capital, for network relationships offer little help, if anyone connected to other individuals in the network has few resources at hand. Based on these considerations, we will first provide a short overview of the educational context in Germany and then examine, besides social capital, the influence of economic and cultural capital on the development of competencies and the course of education. Moreover, the authors call for not underestimating the institutional level and "subordinate" composition effects beyond micro-level examinations. Furthermore, the authors suggest for future research on the topic of social capital and education to pay greater attention to classmates and friends in addition to parents and siblings; to view not only formal certificates but also competencies as resources; and to consider the sustainability of networks and the utilisation of capital. In order to achieve this goal, a more interdisciplinary approach and broad longitudinal studies are needed." (author's abstract)