"At age 27, she gets furious": scripts on marriage and life course variation in The Netherlands, 1850-1970
Titelübersetzung:"Mit 27 Jahren wird sie unruhig": Skripte über Ehe und Lebenslauf-Variation in den Niederlanden, 1850-1970
Autor/in:
Kok, Jan
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 113-132
Inhalt: "Marrying too old, too young, or not at all could elicit scorn from all sides: family, friends and neighbours. The same could occur when a partner was much younger or older. During modernization new societal norms on marriage are supposed to have emerged and to have become more pervasive, as individual access to and timing of marriage became less dependent on family fortunes and family strategies. In this article, life courses of more than 15.000 Dutch individuals are studied in order to answer the question: was their timing of marriage and choice of partner related to (changing) life scripts - and what social or cultural groups were the carriers of these scripts - or still predominantly determined by family dynamics?" (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Netherlands; 19. Jahrhundert; soziale Norm; Ehe; cultural factors; marriage; wedding; Heirat; kulturelle Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; social norm; sozioökonomische Faktoren; woman; Partnerwahl; choice of partner; gender-specific factors; age; twentieth century; Lebensalter; nineteenth century; Niederlande; celibacy; late marriage; early marriage; age homogamy; life scripts
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Life scripts and life realities: women in nineteenth-century Nijmegen
Titelübersetzung:Lebensskript und Lebenswirklichkeit: Frauen im Nimwegen des 19. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Engelen, Theo
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 104-112
Inhalt: "On average, more than one fifth of the 19th century Nijmegen brides were pregnant at the date of marriage. In a society where extramarital sexuality was explicitly forbidden, and where the success of marriage restriction depended on following that rule, this finding is remarkable. Obviously, the cultural life script that allowed sexuality only within marriage was not a script all inhabitants lived up to. A remarkable secondary finding is that the protestant population had a much higher proportion of bridal pregnancies than the Roman Catholic population, although both the Protestant and the Roman Catholic clergy strongly opposed sexual activities, unless within marriage. Therefore, when bridal pregnancy among Protestant couples was twice as high as among Catholics, this points either at a stricter control by the Catholic clergy, or at more deviance among Protestant youngsters. In any case, when studying cultural life scripts on sexuality, it is always important to note that it can be countered by human agency." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Netherlands; 19. Jahrhundert; Protestant; Ehe; cultural factors; marriage; Roman Catholic; Katholik; Schwangerschaft; kulturelle Faktoren; sexuality; pregnancy; Protestant; Sexualität; woman; Lebensbedingungen; living conditions; nineteenth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; bridal pregnancy; extramarital sexuality
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Titelübersetzung:Individualisierung und Fertilität
Autor/in:
Ehrhardt, Jens; Kohli, Martin
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 36 (2011) 2, S 35-64
Inhalt: "In this paper, the authors discuss individualization theory as a parsimonious framework concept to describe and explain core points of fertility change in Western societies since the end of the 19th century. They emphasize two dimensions of individualization: firstly, the increase in status of the individual in cultural, social, economic and legal respects (human dignity); secondly, the increase in autonomy and freedom of choice. In contrast to other approaches based on individualization theory, the authors do not use the concept of self-realization in the sense of an increased orientation towards purely individual interests, not least because this concept has failed before the renewed rise in fertility that has recently been observed in some advanced societies. They discuss the relevance of these two dimensions of individualization in the context of the first transition and the 1960s with its declining fertility rates. Whereas the first demographic transition can be mainly explained by the rising status of children, which increased the costs of parenting and thus changed the interests of (potential) parents to have children, the transition in the 1960s resulted mainly from the rising status of women in education and the labor market. An important but hitherto neglected change was the increasing divorce rates, as the possibility to dissolve a marriage devalued the traditional gender contract of the breadwinner/ housewife model and decreased the willingness of women and men to invest in marriage and children. The contrast between the recently growing fertility rates in Sweden, France and the US with the continuously low fertility in the German-speaking countries can partly be seen as a result of different divorce regimes. Whereas the first group of countries has limited the entitlement to spousal support through alimonies, the second group has institutionalized extensive entitlements for mothers." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; demographischer Übergang; demographic transition; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Individualisierung; individualization; Federal Republic of Germany; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; Ehescheidung; divorce; Theorie; theory; westliche Welt; Western world; 19. Jahrhundert; nineteenth century; 20. Jahrhundert; twentieth century; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; population development; woman; Bildung; education; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Schweden; Sweden; Frankreich; France; USA; United States of America; Nordamerika; North America
SSOAR Kategorie:Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Who had an occupation? Changing boundaries in historical U.S. census data
Titelübersetzung:Bei welchen Personen ist der Beruf bekannt? Wandelnde Kategoriengrenzen in der amerikanischen Volkszählung
Autor/in:
Meyer, Peter B.
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 34 (2009) 3, S 149-167
Inhalt: 'Das ursprüngliche Ziel der U.S.-amerikanischen Volkszählung war, Informationen zu erheben, die die Abgrenzung von Stimmbezirken von ungefähr gleicher Bevölkerungsgröße ermöglichten. Heute werden die Zensusdaten immer häufiger in der Forschung sekundäranalytisch genutzt, z.B. für die Arbeits- und Berufsforschung. Der Autor geht daher der Frage nach, wie die Kategorie 'Beruf' sich im Lauf der Geschichte der amerikanischen Volkszählung gewandelt hat und erörtert methodologische Probleme, die entstehen, wenn man mit Hilfe dieser Daten den historischen Wandel der amerikanischen Erwerbsbevölkerung untersucht. Der Autor zeigt, dass Begriffe, Erhebungspraktiken und der historische Kontext einen starken Einfluss darauf haben, welche und wie viele Personen einer Berufsgruppe zugeordnet wurden. Dies betrifft insbesondere bestimmte Personengruppen, etwa verheiratete Frauen, Indianer, Jugendliche und Personen, die aufgehört haben, gegen Bezahlung zu arbeiten.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'The original official purpose of the U.S. Census was to gather information to design political districts of approximately the same size. Increasingly Census data has been used for descriptive and social scientific purposes. This paper examines how the category of 'occupation' has changed and looks at several issues which arise in comparing the present day workforce with the workforce in past decades. Changes in concepts, practices, and historical context have greatly affected how many persons were recorded as having occupations, especially for married women, American Indians, teenagers, and people who have ceased paid work.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Sklave; 20. Jahrhundert; Datengewinnung; historische Entwicklung; Mikrozensus; process-produced data; North America; Student; student; prozessproduzierte Daten; measurement; Jugendlicher; Kind; historical development; slave; Nordamerika; influence; social data; indigene Völker; Volkszählung; labor force; Messung; standardization (meth.); Erwerbsbevölkerung; unemployment; United States of America; indigenous peoples; Berufsgruppe; 19. Jahrhundert; microcensus; adolescent; Sozialdaten; Arbeitslosigkeit; census; USA; woman; Einfluss; child; occupational group; data capture; Standardisierung; twentieth century; nineteenth century
SSOAR Kategorie:Forschungsarten der Sozialforschung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Clustering and dispersal of siblings in the North-Holland countryside, 1850-1940
Titelübersetzung:Räumliche Nähe und Distanz von Geschwistern im ländlichen Nord-Holland, 1850-1940
Autor/in:
Kok, Jan; Bras, Hilde
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 33 (2008) 3, S 278-300
Inhalt: 'Why are some families scattered over a larger area than others? In this article we use a dataset with the complete life courses of all children from 210 families, originating from the same village in the commercialized North-Western part of The Netherlands. We experiment with multinomial logistic regression on sibling sets to discover the factors behind geographical sibling dispersal. The most important factors turn out to be the survival of the parents, the civil status of the siblings, and the size and gender composition of the sibling set.' (author's abstract)|
Servants in preindustrial Europe: gender differences
Titelübersetzung:Diener im vorindustriellen Europa: Geschlechterdifferenzen
Autor/in:
Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2, S 112-129
Inhalt: Die spezifische Arbeit und die Mobilität männlicher wie weiblicher Dienerschaft hängen eng mit dem sozioökonomischen Übergang und der Urbanisierung der vorindustriellen europäischen Gesellschaften zusammen. Hausdienst wird als Parameter des europäischen Familienmodells eingeführt. Der Arbeitsmarkt für Diener und Lehrlinge, die fern ihrer Heimat arbeiteten, wird bis 1597 zurückverfolgt. Anhand von Tabellen werden die Anzahl und das Lebensalter ländlicher und städtischer Hausdienerschaft in verschiedenen französischen Gemeinden miteinander verglichen. Auch das Aufkommen einer Dienerschaft im fortgeschrittenen Lebensalter wird erwähnt. Anhand von Tabellen verschiedener europäischer Staaten im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert und besonders am Fallbeispiel der französischen Stadt Rheims werden u.a. die ländlichen Ursprünge der städtischen Dienerschaft und die Mobilität von weiblichen Hausangestellten nachgewiesen. Der Arbeitsmarkt für männliche und weibliche Dienerschaft entwickelte sich stetig vom 18. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein, wenn auch für Frauen mehr als für Männer. (prf)
Inhalt: 'The specific mobility and type of work of servants of both sexes were indeed a major feature in the delineation of building up European societies. Domestic service was the main way to elect for young rurals wanting to migrate towards small and big towns, since they could consider service as a transitory phase, giving them an opportunity to adapt themselves to a new way of life before marriage. From that point of view, domestic service contributed greatly to social change: a great number of young males and females turned their backs to traditional family and village life to the prospect of better ways of life in urban surroundings for a change, but were only able to find immediate employment as servants in these preindustrial eras. The prevalence of domestic service for young people is put in evidence, studying gender differences according to age groups. We might say that large towns counted more than 10 women out of 100 in a position of servants at a master's home at the end of the 17th century, and usually less than 10% of men in the same position. This rate increased steadily for all European towns as a consequence of massive rural exodus and of the opportunities offered on the overall female job markets, particularly on the domestic service market.' (author's abstract)