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"Looking back it becomes obvious that in most European countries (and this is true
for non-European countries too) the world of academia was a purely male world. Access
to higher education was restricted exclusively to men, and faculties at the universities
were completely dominated by men. For a long time women described the development
of universities and the situation of women in higher education as a history of discrimination
and conscious exclusion of women by men. Nowadays, academia is not a male world anymore.
Nevertheless, we still discover inequality between men and women in higher education.
The following paper is focused on questions like: How does the situation of women
at universities look like in Europe? What does inequality mean today? How has this
situation changed in recent years? Which national measures to improve the situation
of women have been initiated in recent years, and have they proved to be successful?
As an overview, some of these questions should be answered in a comparative way for
selected countries in Europe. At certain points some remarks will be given on the
situation in Germany, the country from which the author comes and the structure and
development she knows best." (author's abstract)|"This article provides a statistical overview of vertical and horizontal in equality on gender relations in higher education in the USA; states that though the female share of presidents, doctorates and enrolment is increasing, women earn less than men, lead lower status and small universities and choose lower status majors; presents evidence suggesting that white women are more discriminated against than black women and that the integration of women in 'male' disciplines has slowed down." (author's abstract)