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Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review (4)
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The paper focuses on organisations and the conditions for working parents in terms of combining work and care and how those conditions are set up and negotiated in organisations. The research draws on three case studies comparing pairs of companies active in the Czech Republic and in one of the following countries – Germany, France, and Sweden – in the field of engineering. The goal is to explore in depth the conditions that Czech working parents are faced with and that derive from the organisational processes and means and dynamics of negotiating conditions for working parents, and to compare them with the conditions in other countries and identify the sources of variability of these conditions. Important differences between a company’s family-friendly practices in its home country and in its Czech branches are primarily determined by the differences in the way in which welfare regimes are set up in individual countries. In addition, the authors identify the following five main interlinked factors explaining the variability of family-friendly policies and practices in organisations: parental (maternity) ideologies, the organisational culture of non-discrimination and equal opportunities, the actors’ activity in work relations, the role of trade unions in negotiations, and the given organisation’s experience with employees-parents.The article is conceived as a contribution to a critical reading of opinion data and the presentation of ISSP modules on Work Orientations from 1997 and 2005 in the Czech Republic. In the first part, some methodological problems regarding the inspection of work and job values are presented using examples drawn from previous research. In the second part, the framework of systemic transition is set up and hypotheses are presented regarding work values and attitudes from the perspective of gender and age, education and occupation. In the third part, a comparison is made of people’s expectations regarding their work and jobs with their perceived fulfilment. In the fourth part, we consider the perceived location of workers between the distant worlds of family and firms and inspect factors of work and job satisfaction. In conclusion, we discuss the role of subjective perceptions in the economy and the question of a ‘true’ change in values during the transition.Data from a project titled 'Men and Women University Graduates' & other available statistical data are drawn on to explore areas of difference in the positions of men & women with university degrees in Czech society, focusing on their position in the labor market in terms of salary differences & attitudes to performance & career. It is hypothesized that the continuing gender differences between graduates cannot be attributed to the nature of the female workforce. The secondary position of these women on the labor market is due to noneconomic factors. Topics include the existing guarantees for equality of men & women in Czech society, the double standard of university qualifications, the link between the university-educated female labor force & the female sectors of the labor market, the 'unclear identity' of women graduates, & the low level of emotional support from these women's social surroundings. Also considered are the individualized, personalized ways of creating a social position that are used by women graduates on the market or in their career, highlighting the fact that these approaches are both risky & ineffective in the search for equal status or the implementation of equal opportunities policies.Presents results of the 1998 research project 'The Status of Women & Men in the Czech Republic' (N = 1,000 respondents ages 20-60), inspired by the need to obtain information on the circumstances of enforcement of European Union (EU) legislation on equal opportunities in the Czech Republic in connection with its application for EU membership. The public perception & consciousness of equal opportunities are investigated in terms of pay, access to employment, promotion, & vocational training, as well as legal knowledge concerning employment. Reconciling family & working life is the crucial problem in the Czech Republic, as in other countries. It can be understood as a result of both modernization & the special national situation that has resulted from the social & economic transition. Comparison of conditions of women's employment with their professional expectations & satisfaction reveals the social determination of these, as well as some stereotypes in understanding men's & women's roles that influence women's position in the labor market.