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"Ever since the Princeton European Fertility Project on the decline of fertility, the question of how (changes in) cultural beliefs have influenced the historical fertility transition has been in the forefront of historical demographic research. Previous research has however mostly assessed the influence of religious denomination and has not examined the impact of wider beliefs or 'cultural life scripts'. On the basis of a folklore questionnaire, this article examines the occurrence, content, and geographical patterning of popular beliefs about childbearing in relation to fertility patterns in 1.022 rural Dutch communities during the nineteen forties. Beliefs in isolation and churching of women existed in almost half of all communities, particularly among Catholic populations, while fear of enchantment of infants was still alive in about a fifth of all municipalities. To be sure, such popular beliefs were rapidly vanishing and remnants were still found in isolated and strongly religious areas. A multivariate analysis shows that in communities where beliefs in churching and witchcraft still existed, birth rates were significantly higher. The study shows the salience of including popular beliefs in studies of fertility behavior and fertility decline. Moreover, it extends the concept of cultural life scripts beyond that of age norms to include prescriptions on social contexts, conducts, and practices surrounding important life passages." (author's abstract)
Es wird untersucht, 'ob sich die reformierte oder die katholische Konfession als Indikator einer bestimmten Mentalität auf das demographische Verhalten der Bevölkerung in der Frühen Neuzeit auswirkt'. Dazu wird das demographische Leben des im Jahr 1810 670 Einwohner zählenden und bikonfessionellen Dorfes Oberkassel (zwei Drittel Katholiken und ein Drittel Reformierte) nachgezogen. Grundlage sind die Kirchenbücher beider Pfarreien ab 1670 (reformiert) bzw. ab 1695 (katholisch) und ihre erfolgten Familienrekonstitutionen. Mittels der Historischen Demographie werden eine qualitative und quantitative Untersuchung miteinander verbunden und Schaubilder und Tabellen wiedergegeben. Zum einen wird das demographische Verhalten untersucht, 'das bis zu einem gewissen Grad willentlich gesteuert werden konnte (Sexualität und Heiratsverhalten)'. Zum anderen wird das demographische Verhalten dargestellt, 'auf das der Mensch in der Regel wenig Einfluß hatte (Mortalität)'. So wird der Zusammenhang zwischen generativem Verhalten, Konfession und Ökonomie in ihrer gegenseitigen Wechselbeziehung verdeutlicht. Insgesamt führte das jeweils ausgeprägte konfessionelle Bewußtsein nur zu geringen Verhaltensunterschieden. Auch das generative Verhalten war weitgehend gleich. Die Lebenserwartung bei den Reformierten war deutlich höher, wofür es aber keine monokausale Erklärung gibt. So erwies sich die Mentalität als wenig beeinflußt von kirchlichen Normen bzw. vom konfessionellen Bewußtsein. (prf)'With the sample of a village of 670 inhabitants (1810), it is investigated whether the religious denomination, Catholic or Calvinist, has any influence on the demographics behaviour of a rural population. A well developed knowledge of denominational consciousness was observed; there were few interfaith marriages or conversions and the differences in the naming of children were distinctive. There were not such big differences in the demographic behaviour. As examples, the age at marriage, premarital sexuality (over 20% of births were premaritial conceptions) and the number of births were nearly equal. In life expectancy there was a seven year denominational differences. All women were noticeable by their low number of births, high age at marriage and high age at last birth. Family limitation was achieved through birth spacing, particularly by Protestant women after the third child onwards. In sum, a large degree of this rural population's demographic behaviour was observable, but only a few were influenced by denominational or religious norms.' (author's abstract)