Women in science: an exploratory analysis of trends in the United States
Autor/in:
Link, Albert N.; Link J. R.
Quelle: Science and public policy : journal of the Science Policy Foundation, Vol. 26 (1999) No. 6, S. 437-442
Inhalt: "The number and percentage of degrees awarded to women by US academic institutions has increased since 1996. This paper explores three economic factors associated with these observed trends: the establishment and growth of public policies designed and initiated to encourage women to enter graduate studies in science; specific unexpected events that bring widespread attention to the accomplishments of women in science; and financial incentives to encourage the pursuit of a science-related career. The findings suggest that all three factors are significant." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:USA; Akademikerin; Nordamerika
CEWS Kategorie:Statistik und statistische Daten, Hochschulen
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Stellar women
Autor/in:
Nix, Maria
Quelle: The science teacher : publication of the National Science Teachers Association, Vol. 65 (1998) No. 3, S. 28-31
Inhalt: "In the early 1900s, researchers at the Harvard College Observatory conducted an astonishing amount of astronomical research. A handful of women were integral to this research. Describes the professional lives and scientific findings of five of these women scientists at Harvard to inspire students. Classroom activities are included." (author's abstract)
The temporal dimension of gender inequality in academia
Titelübersetzung:Die zeitliche Dimension der Frauenbenachteiligung in akademischen Berufen
Autor/in:
Toren, Nina
Quelle: Higher education : the international journal of higher education and educational planning, Vol. 25 (1993) No. 4, S. 439-455
Inhalt: Die zeitliche Dimension von akademischen Berufsverläufen wird in diesem Beitrag als Erklärungsansatz für die Ungleichheit zwischen den Geschlechtern beim beruflichen Aufstieg untersucht. In diesem Konzept wird die Aufmerksamkeit von der Person auf das organisatorische Umfeld gelenkt, und die bei Frauen erwartete längere Zeitspanne zwischen den einzelnen Karriereschritten wird als Bestandteil der Strukturen von akademischen Institutionen und der akademischen Kultur angesehen. Die Autorin untermauert ihre Analyse mit empirischen Ergebnissen über die israelischen Universitäten und Beispielen von ähnlichen Strukturen in amerikanischen und europäischen Hochschulen. (IAB)
Inhalt: "This paper examines gender inequality in academic careers by applying Merton's concept of 'socially expected durations' (SEDs). Women's relatively slower advancement along the academic hierarchy has been traditionally attributed to their traits and constraints. The concept of SED shifts attention from the individual to the organizational level, and the actual and expected augmented durations between promotions for women are viewed as part of the structural arrangements of academic institutions and their culture. It is argued that because of the distinct characteristics of academic careers, time-in-rank is an important dimension distinguishing among otherwise very uniform occupational roles and career patterns. The implications of conceptualizing career discrepancies in terms of socially expected durations are discussed." (author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The origins of sex differences in science
Autor/in:
Long, J. Scott
Quelle: Social forces : an international journal of social research associated with the Southern Sociological Society, Vol. 68 (1990) No. 4, S. 1297-1315
Inhalt: "The sociology of science has clearly established the presence of sex differences in scientific productivity and position. This article examines the processes leading to the lower productivity of female scientists at the completion of their doctoral training. Collaboration with the mentor is found to be the most important factor affecting productivity. For females, opportunities for collaboration are significantly decreased by having young children. As a consequence, the presence of young children has an adverse, indirect effect on the productivity of female scientists during graduate study. This effect does not exist for males. In addition to differences in the process of collaboration, many small differences that disadvantage women and advantage men are found in the levels of resources affecting productivity and in the mechanisms by which resources are translated into productivity. The concentration of small disadvantages provides a further explanation of sex differences in productivity at the start of the career. Since early advantages and disadvantages have been found to accumulate, this article provides an essential first step in understanding sex differences in scientific productivity and position that emerge during the career." (author's abstract)