Gender differentiation in higher education : educational specialization and labour market risks in Spain and Germany
Titelübersetzung:Genderunterschiede in der höheren Bildung : bildungsbezogene Spezialisierung und Arbeitsmarktrisiken in Spanien und Deutschland
Autor/in:
Reimer, David; Steinmetz, Stephanie
Quelle: Mannheim (Arbeitspapiere / Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Nr. 99), 2007. 38 S.
Inhalt: "The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between gender differentiation in tertiary education and labour market hazards. We analyze how differences between male and female tertiary graduates in the chosen degree level and field of study affect the likelihood to be unemployed or obtain a low status job. In order to learn about the role of institutional context, we compare Germany and Spain, two countries that differ with respect to horizontal (field of study) and vertical (degree level) segregation by gender as well as to the linkage between the education and labour market system. Using Labour Force Survey data from the year 2000, our results of logistic regression models as well as a non-linear decomposition technique generally confirm our expectation that the field of study explains a sizable portion of the gender gap in unemployment and low status jobs in both countries. Whereas the level of tertiary degree does not matter with respect to unemployment in either country, it explains part of the female disadvantage in holding a low status job in Spain. Moreover, our analyses show that women with a degree in a predominantly male field of study are not systematically disadvantaged compared to men. Finally, even though the role of the institutional context is hard to evaluate, it seems that, for the two selected countries, the horizontal and vertical gender segregation is more relevant in Spain than in Germany." (author's abstract)
Assessing the importance of male and female part-time work for the gender earnings gap in Britain
Titelübersetzung:Einschätzung der Bedeutung von Teilzeitarbeit von Männern und Frauen für den geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensunterschied in Großbritannien
Autor/in:
Mumford, Karen A.; Smith, Peter N.
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 2981), 2007. 48 S.
Inhalt: "This study examines the role of individual characteristics, occupation, industry, region, and workplace characteristics in accounting for differences in hourly earnings between men and women in full and part-time jobs in Britain. A four-way gender-working time split (male full-timers, male part-timers, female full-timers and female part-timers) is considered, and allowance is explicitly made for the possibility of both workplace and occupational segregation across each group. Individual and workplace characteristics are shown to explain much of the earnings gaps examined. Within gender groups, the striking difference between full and part-time employees is that full-timers work in higher paying occupations than do part-timers. Also, occupational segregation makes a significant contribution to the earnings gap between male and female part-time employees but not for full-time workers. A further new result is that female workplace segregation contributes significantly to the full/ part time earnings gap of both males and females. Part-time employees work in more feminised workplaces and their earnings are lower. By contrast, occupational segregation has little impact on the full-time/ part-time earnings gap of either males or females. There remains, moreover, a substantial residual gender effect between male and female employees." (author's abstract)
Female autonomy and gender gaps in education in Pakistan
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza
Quelle: University of Cambridge, Faculty of Education, Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (RECOUP); Cambridge (RECOUP Working Papers, 3), 2007. 42 S
Inhalt: In this study we examine whether gender bias in education depends on the extent of female decision-making power. Household headship is used as a measure of female autonomy, with different types of households theorized to reflect varying degrees of female autonomy. Most female-headed-households in Pakistan are formed either because women are widowed or because husbands migrate. Women in male-headed-households are hypothesized to have least autonomy followed by married women heads whose migrant husbands may retain some decision-making power. Widow heads are hypothesized to have the greatest degree of autonomy among women in different households. The econometric findings suggest that married women heads gender-discriminate as much as male heads but that widow-heads have significantly lower bias against girls in enrolment decisions than male heads. The results also suggest that educated female heads gender differentiate less than both uneducated female heads and than male heads. The evidence suggests that households having better educated women with more independent status discriminate against the education of their daughters less than other households.
Gender differences in unemployment insurance coverage - a comparative analysis
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bezüglich der Arbeitslosenversicherung - eine vergleichende Analyse
Autor/in:
Leschke, Janine
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeit, Sozialstruktur und Sozialstaat, Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Beschäftigung, 2007-106), 2007. 41 S
Inhalt: "Da soziale Sicherungssysteme auf sogenannte Normalarbeitsverhältnisse (Vollzeit, unbefristet, abhängig) ausgerichtet sind und häufig von Bedarfsprüfungen Gebrauch machen, reproduzieren sie Geschlechterungleichheiten im Arbeitsmarkt, die auf Grund der ungleichen Verteilung von Haushalts- und Familienaufgaben zwischen Frauen und Männern zustande kommen. So sind Frauen beispielsweise weit häufiger in Teilzeit beschäftigt, sie wechseln häufiger zwischen Beschäftigung und Inaktivität und verdienen weiterhin durchschnittlich geringere Löhne als Männer. Das Papier vergleicht auf Basis der Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels den Deckungsgrad und die Höhe von Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen zwischen Frauen und Männern. Unterschiede im Zugang zu Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen werden unter anderem durch die folgenden Charakteristika von Arbeitslosenversicherungssystemen bestimmt: Einkommens- oder Stundenschwellenwerte, Mindestbeitragszeiten und Bedarfsprüfungen. Die Höhe der Leistungen hängt in vielen Systemen von der Höhe der vormaligen Arbeitseinkommen ab, wird aber bei Langzeitarbeitslosen häufig auch durch Bedarfsprüfungen bestimmt. Da die Arbeitslosenversicherungssysteme unterschiedlicher Länder in ihren Zielsetzungen und in ihrer Ausgestaltung variieren, werden hier vier verschiedene Systeme verglichen: das dänische, das deutsche, das spanische und das britische Arbeitslosenversicherungssystem. Es wird erwartet, dass die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern im Zugang zu Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen in Ländern mit einem stark individualisierten Versicherungssystem (Dänemark) kleiner sind als in Ländern, die frühzeitigen und strikten Gebrauch von Bedarfsprüfungen (Vereinigtes Königreich) machen oder die auf starker Äquivalenz zwischen Beitragszeiten und vormaligem Einkommen und Leistungsempfang (Deutschland, Spanien) beruhen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Social insurance systems are known to reproduce gender inequalities in the labour market because they are usually based on 'standard employment contracts' (full-time, permanent, dependent) and often take into account the household constellation through means-testing. Gender inequalities in the labour market consist of higher part-time employment rates, more frequent movements between employment and inactivity and on average lower wages among women. These inequalities are mainly due to the unequal distribution of household and family tasks between men and women. This paper will use the data of the European Household Panel to compare access to and level of unemployment benefits between men and women. Differences in access to benefits are usually brought about by the following design features of unemployment benefits: hours and earnings thresholds, minimum contribution requirements, and means-testing, whereas the benefit levels in many systems are calculated as a share of former earnings, and among long-term unemployed are also affected by means-testing. Since unemployment benefit systems of different countries strongly vary in their aims and design features, four countries are compared: Denmark, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. It is expected that gender differences in unemployment insurance outcomes will be smaller in countries that have more individualised unemployment systems (Denmark) than in countries that make early use of strict means-testing (United Kingdom) or that strongly rely on equivalence between contribution time, former earnings and benefit receipt (Germany, Spain)." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Arbeitsteilung; Hausarbeit; Denmark; housework; Federal Republic of Germany; soziale Sicherung; gainful work; deprivation; man; Dänemark; labor market; unemployment insurance; Arbeitsmarkt; Erwerbsarbeit; social security; Benachteiligung; international comparison; division of labor; Beschäftigungsform; type of employment; Spanien; Großbritannien; woman; Mann; internationaler Vergleich; Great Britain; Arbeitslosenversicherung; Spain; gender-specific factors; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:soziale Sicherung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Geschlechterrollenwandel und Familienwerte (1988-2002): Österreich im europäischen Vergleich ; Ergebnisse auf Basis des ISSP 1988, 2002
Titelübersetzung:Change in gender roles and family values (1988-2002): Austria in a European comparison; results based on ISSP 1988, 2002
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Neuwirth, Norbert
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 54), 2007. 60 S
Inhalt: "In den letzten 15 Jahren kam es zu einer mannigfaltigen Veränderung der österreichischen Gesellschaft. Dieser sozialstrukturelle Wandel kann sowohl als Ursache als auch als Folge des Wertewandels gesehen werden. Vorliegendes Working Paper zeigt zunächst die Veränderung der Werthaltungen in Bezug auf Familie, Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und Kinder in Österreich zwischen 1988 und 2002 auf. Daran anschließend werden die österreichischen Werthaltungen in einen europäischen Vergleich gesetzt. Abschließend werden, ebenfalls im europäischen Vergleich, Arbeitsaufteilungen und Entscheidungsprozesse in Paarhaushalten, welche sowohl von der sozialen Struktur als auch von den Werthaltungen der Personen mitbestimmt werden, dargelegt." (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:Österreich; Austria; woman; Mann; man; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Wertwandel; value change; Kind; child; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Rollenbild; role image; Entscheidung; decision; Privathaushalt; private household; Europa; Europe; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Sozialstruktur; social structure
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle : a comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States
Titelübersetzung:Zeitverwendung für Beruf und Familie im Lebenslauf : eine geschlechtervergleichende Analyse für Italien, Frankreich, Schweden und die Vereinigten Staaten
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3193), 2007. 38 S.
Inhalt: "This article analyses the extent to which changes in household composition over the life course affect the gender division of labour. It identifies and analyses cross-country disparities between France, Italy, Sweden and United States, using most recent data available from the Time Use National Surveys. We focus on gender differences in the allocation of time between market work, domestic work and leisure over the life-cycle. In order to map the life-cycle, we distinguish between nine key cross-country comparable life stages according to age and family structure such as exiting parental home, union formation, parenthood, and retiring from work. By using appropriate regression techniques (Tobit with selection, Tobit and OLS), we show large discrepancies in the gender division of labour at the different life stages. This gender gap exists in all countries at any stage of the life course, but is usually smaller at the two ends of the age distribution, and larger with parenthood. Beyond social norms, the impact of parenthood on time allocation varies across countries, being smaller in those where work-family balance policies are more effective and traditionally well-established." (author's abstract)
Mentoring and segregation: female-led firms and gender wage policies
Titelübersetzung:Mentoring und Segregation: Unternehmen mit weiblicher Leitung und geschlechterbezogene Lohnpolitik
Autor/in:
Cardoso, Ana Rute; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3210), 2007. 26 S.
Inhalt: "We explore the impact of mentoring of females and gender segregation on wages using a large longitudinal data set for Portugal. Female managers can protect and mentor female employees by paying them higher wages than male-led firms would do. We find that females can enjoy higher wages in female-led firms, the opposite being true for males. In both cases is a higher share of females reducing the wage level. These results are compatible with a theory where job promotion is an important factor of wage increases: if more females are to be mentored, less promotion slots are available for males, but also the expected chance of a female to be promoted is lower." (author's abstract)
Quelle: Konjunkturforschungsstelle -KOF-, Departement Management, Technologie und Ökonomie -D-MTEC-, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Zürich (KOF Working Papers, No. 161), 2007. 27 S.
Inhalt: "This paper analyzes the impact of gender discrimination on individual life satisfaction using a cross-section of 66 countries. We employ measures of discrimination of women in the economy, in politics, and in society more generally. According to our results, discrimination in politics is important to individual well-being. Overall, men and women are more satisfied with their lives when societies become more equal. Disaggregated analysis suggests that our results for men are driven by the effect of equality on men with middle and high incomes, and those on the political left. To the contrary, women are more satisfied with increasing equality independent of income and political ideology. Equality in economic and family matters does overall not affect life satisfaction. However, women are more satisfied with their lives when discriminatory practices have been less prevalent in the economy 20 years ago." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Frauenfeindlichkeit; Frauenpolitik; Gleichberechtigung; Diskriminierung; Geschlechterpolitik; Geschlechterverhältnis; Geschlechtsrolle; Ungleichheit; Zufriedenheit; Mann
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Bildungsunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen verringern sich
Titelübersetzung:The narrowing education gap between women and men
Autor/in:
Beck-Domzalska, Marta
Quelle: Statistisches Amt -EUROSTAT-, Europäische Kommission; Brüssel (Statistik kurz gefasst : Bevölkerung und soziale Bedingungen, 130/2007), 2007. 11 S.
Inhalt: "Der erreichte Bildungsgrad in der EU hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten nahezu kontinuierlich erhöht. Ein immer größerer Anteil junger Menschen absolviert nach der Pflichtschulzeit noch eine Ausbildung der Sekundarstufe II und nimmt anschließend an einem tertiären Bildungsgang teil. Während früher deutlich weniger Frauen als Männer im erwerbsfähigen Alter einen Hochschulabschluss hatten, ist der Unterschied inzwischen unbedeutend. Heute besitzen in den jüngeren Altersgruppen mehr Frauen als Männer ein Hochschuldiplom oder einen gleichwertigen Abschluss. Der Bildungsgrad der Frauen ist stärker gestiegen als der der Männer. Die Erwerbstätigenquoten in allen Bildungsgraden sind bei Frauen niedriger als bei Männern. Die Studienfächer von Frauen und Männern unterscheiden sich deutlich. Frauen mit Hochschulabschluss arbeiten in anderen Wirtschaftszweigen als Männer. Mehr Frauen als Männer nehmen an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen teil." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Educational attainment levels in the EU have tended to increase almost continuously over the last decades as a growing proportion of young people have gone on from compulsory schooling to upper secondary programmes and from there to tertiary education. This is especially true for women. Whereas the number of women of working age who had completed tertiary education used to be significantly smaller than the number of men, it is now only marginally less. At present, more women than men in younger age groups have university degrees or the equivalent and fewer have no qualifications beyond basic schooling in all but a few countries. In the EU-25 as a whole, 30% of women aged 30-34 had tertiary level qualifications in 2005 as opposed to 27% of men, whereas among those aged 50-54, the share of women with this level of qualifications was some 3 percentage points smaller than for men - 19% and 22%." (author's abstract)
Market orientation and gender wage gaps : an international study
Titelübersetzung:Marktorientierung und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern : eine internationale Studie
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf; Zweimüller, Martina
Quelle: Wien (Reihe Ökonomie / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft, 217), 2007. 28 S.
Inhalt: "Two very different approaches are used to explore the relation between market orientation and gender wage differentials in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in product and labor markets and the general absence of regulation in the economy. The first approach employs meta-analysis data and takes advantage of the fact that many studies already exist which use national data sources to the best possible extent. The second approach uses comparable micro data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which allows calculating internationally consistent gender wage residuals in the first place. By comparing these two very different methods of data collection we get a robust result relating higher levels of market orientation as proxied by the Economic Freedom Index with lower gender wage gaps." (author's abstract)