From higher education to work : patterns of labor market entry in Germany and the US
Titelübersetzung:Der Übergang von der Hochschule in Arbeit : Muster des Arbeitsmarkteintritts in Deutschland und den USA
Autor/in:
Jacob, Marita; Weiss, Felix
Quelle: Mannheim (Arbeitspapiere / Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Nr. 110), 2008. 25 S.
Inhalt: "Previous comparative studies describing the transition from school to work and national patterns of labor market entry have often had to simplify the complex transition processes involved. For example, the first job after education is not easy to define if a person returns to education. In addition, most of this research has concentrated on national patterns shaped by the experiences of the majority of young people. In this paper we concentrate on a particular group of school-leavers, viz. those entitled to enroll in higher education. We describe their transition patterns from school to work, including recurrent education leading to more than one instance of labor market entry after leaving education. A comparison between Germany and the United States enables us to answer the question of how various features of the tertiary education systems influence these patterns, i.e. the number of people actually returning to education and the time it takes to finally enter the labor market. The systems of higher education in Germany and the US differ in several ways that we assume to be important for the transition patterns from school to work: (a) the mode of stratification (parallel tracks in Germany vs. consecutive tracks in the US) provides different labor-market prospects and incentives for returning to education; (b) the coordination mechanism (state-controlled vs. market-based) is decisive for the diversity of institutions and their orientation to particular target groups; (c) the degree of standardization in educational programs is important for more or less smooth transitions to the labor market. Taking into account that labor-market flexibility also differs in the two countries, we derive our main hypothesis: transition patterns from higher education to the labor market in the US are less standardized and regulated than in Germany. We expect that students attending the lower-tier institutions in the US (community colleges) will display significant differences in this respect over and against their German counterparts attending a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences). In our empirical analyses we actually find overall differences with regard to variance in the ages at which young people leave education and enter the labor market. US students gain much more labor-market experience in the period between their initial and ultimate exit from education. Differences between lower- and higher-tier institutions are less marked than expected, both within and between the two countries." (author's abstract)
Chancengleichheit trotz Studiengebühren : die USA als Vorbild?
Titelübersetzung:Equal opportunity in spite of study fees : the United States of America as a role model?
Autor/in:
Hartmann, Michael
Quelle: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte : Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament, (2006) H. 48, S. 32-38
Inhalt: "Die Entwicklung in den USA zeigt, dass eine Privatisierung der Kosten für die Hochschulbildung nicht mit dem meritokratischen Prinzip der Leistungsauswahl und der gleichen Chancen für alle Studenten vereinbar ist. Ein Rückzug des Staates aus seiner Verantwortung verschärft vielmehr die Ungerechtigkeit." (Autorenreferat)
Studiengebühren und Hochschulzugang : Vorbild USA?
Titelübersetzung:Tuition fees and admission to higher education : model USA?
Autor/in:
Hartmann, Michael
Quelle: Leviathan : Berliner Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft, Jg. 33 (2005) H. 4, S. 439-463
Inhalt: In Deutschland verweisen die Verfechter von Studiengebühren oft auf das Beispiel USA. Angeblich studieren dort viel mehr Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigem sozioökonomischem Status als in Deutschland. Dies aber ist, wie hier gezeigt wird, nur die halbe Wahrheit. In den USA besuchen die meisten Studenten mit niedrigem sozioökonomischem Status nur zweijährige Colleges oder Colleges, deren Niveau beträchtlich unter dem eines deutschen Hochschulstudiums liegt. An den 150 Universitäten und Colleges, die mit deutschen Hochschulen vergleichbar sind, und vor allem an den privaten Elite-Universitäten, ist die soziale Selektivität sehr viel ausgeprägter. Nur 10% der Studenten stammen aus den unteren 50% der Gesellschaft. Hierfür sind vor allem die hohen Studiengebühren verantwortlich. Daher ist das höhere Bildungswesen in den USA nicht das richtige Modell zur Finanzierung des deutschen Hochschulwesens. (ICEÜbers)
Inhalt: "In Germany, the supporters of tuition and fees refer to the USA as a model. There, in spite of high tuition and fees, much more children from families with a low socio-economic status, so it is said, can study than in Germany. The article demonstrates that this is only half of the truth. Most of the US-students with a low socio-economic background attend 2-years-colleges or colleges with a level of education considerably below the German level of university education. At the 150 highly selective universities and colleges which are comparable with the German universities, especially at the private elite universities, the social selectivity is much more severe. Only 10 percent of the students come from the lower half of the population. For the most part, the high tuition and fees are responsible for this. Therefore, the US higher education system is not the right model for university financing in Germany." (author's abstract)
Where are the students going? : NCSSSMST gender and ethnicity differences for major and institution choices
Autor/in:
Blaisdell, Stephanie; Tichenor, Kristin R.
Quelle: NCSSSMST Journal, Vol. 7 (2002) No. 2, S. 14-16
Inhalt: Investigates National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science, and Technology (NCSSSMST) graduates' school and major preferences at the college level focusing on gender and ethnicity issues.
Quelle: Physics education, Vol. 35 (2000) No. 6, S. 451-453
Inhalt: "The disappointingly small number of girls studying science was highlighted in this journal 20 years ago. This article looks at progress in bringing girls into science education and women into science-based employment." (author's abstract)