Gender Role Attitudes in Germany, 1982-2016: An Age-Period-Cohort (APC) Analysis
Autor/in:
Lois, Daniel
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 45 (2020) , S 35-63
Inhalt: The present study investigates the change of gender role attitudes in Germany between 1982 and 2016. Nine waves of the German General Social Survey are used (N = 26,389). In contrast to previous trend studies, which largely ignore age effects, a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model (Winship/Harding 2008) is applied. It becomes clear that age, period and cohort independently have an impact on gender role ideology. Compared to earlier research, new insights concerning the shape of cohort effects come to light: Specific to traditional gender ideology in Western Germany, it is apparent that the trend towards increasingly egalitarian attitudes comes to a halt in men born around 1956 and later and in women born 1966. For Eastern Germany we observe that the cohort-specific trend towards liberalisation in younger cohorts either is diminishing or even tends to reverse. This pattern of effects mainly mirrors the phases of the feminist movement in Western Germany and the rise and decline of the German Democratic Republic, respectively.
Schlagwörter:attitude change; alte Bundesländer; cohort analysis; old federal states; Kohortenanalyse; Einstellungsänderung; gender role; Sozialisation; Federal Republic of Germany; socialization; Geschlechtsrolle; neue Bundesländer; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; APC analysis; Identification problem; Sexism; German reunification; ALLBUS/GGSS Cumulation 1980-2014 (ZA4584)
Why Do Lone Mothers Fare Worse than Lone Fathers? Lone Parenthood and Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany
Autor/in:
Geisler, Esther; Kreyenfeld, Michaela
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 44 (2019) , S 61-84
Inhalt: This article uses data from the German microcensuses of 2007 and 2012 to examine gender differences in welfare reliance among lone parents. Binary logistic regression was employed as the method of analysis. We show that the risk of welfare benefit receipt is lower among lone fathers than lone mothers. We also find that these gender differences can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of lone fathers; compared to lone mothers, lone fathers are, on average, better educated and more likely to be living with older children. Gender differences decreased over time among parents who have never married, but remained constant among divorced parents. We present a discussion of our findings in light of recent policy reforms, in particular the reform of the German Maintenance Law of 2008, which curbed the ability of a divorced parent to collect support from an ex-spouse.
Schlagwörter:Leistungsbezug; father; Sozialhilfeempfänger; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Federal Republic of Germany; Mutter; Unterhalt; labor force participation; labor market policy; poverty; single parent; social policy; Erwerbsbeteiligung; receipt of benefits; Alleinstehender; Armut; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; mother; allein erziehender Elternteil; socioeconomic factors; welfare recipient; gender-specific factors; support; single; Vater; Sozialpolitik; lone parents; German Microcensus (2007 and 2012)
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Impact of Regional Factors on Cohort Fertility: New Estimations at the District Level in Germany
Titelübersetzung:Einfluss regionaler Faktoren auf die Kohortenfertilität: neue Schätzwerte auf Kreisebene in Deutschland
Autor/in:
Bujard, Martin; Scheller, Melanie
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 42 (2017) , S 55-87
Inhalt: "Incorporating the regional context into fertility research has a long standing tradition. However, in Germany, fertility data at the district level only exist for period total fertility rates (TFR), but not for cohort total fertility rates (CTFR). Based on the 2011 census and birth statistics, we estimate the CTFR at the district level and analyse factors influencing their variation. First, we estimate the CTFR for the 1969-72 cohorts in all 402 German districts. The estimated CTFR differ strongly across German districts ranging between 1.05 and 2.01. Further, the estimated CTFR differ substantially from the known TFR values. This is mainly due to biases in the tempo component of the TFR, which are crucial in East German districts, university cities and in urban-rural comparisons. Therefore, the estimated CTFR allow for a better assessment of fertility differences across districts. Second, we analyse the differences in the newly estimated CTFR employing regression models. Composition effects such as a low proportion of highly educated women, a high share of Catholics or immigrants are significantly associated with higher CTFR in West German districts. However, regional opportunities are also important: A low population density, the availability of relatively spacious dwellings, a surplus of males, a small service sector and low unemployment rates are associated with higher fertility. Overall the analyses show regional factors are highly relevant for fertility." (author's abstract). This article contains supplementary material in the form of an online appendix: http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2017-08en
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Geburtenentwicklung; birth trend; Kinderzahl; number of children; regionale Faktoren; regional factors; regionaler Unterschied; regional difference; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; Bevölkerungsstatistik; population statistics; Mikrozensus; microcensus; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; Federal Republic of Germany; cohort fertility; population geography
Life expectancy in Germany based on the 2011 census: was the healthy migrant effect merely an artefact?
Titelübersetzung:Lebenserwartung in Deutschland auf Basis des Zensus 2011: war der Healthy-Migrant-Effekt nur ein Artefakt?
Autor/in:
Zur Nieden, Felix; Sommer, Bettina
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 41 (2016) 2, S 145-174
Inhalt: "The Federal Statistical Office's 2010/12 general life table is the first to provide results on life expectancy based on census data for reunified Germany. This article therefore examines the question of how the revisions of the population figures from the 2011 census affected the measured life expectancy. To do so, we analysed both the official life tables based on the old intercensal population updates before the census and those based on the population data from the 2011 census. The method used to calculate the census-adjusted 2010/12 general life table was also transferred to separate life tables drawn up for the German and the foreign population. In this way, findings on the so-called 'healthy migrant effect' can be discussed, ruling out possible errors in the intercensal population updates. These errors had previously been cited as the main causes for a distinctly longer life expectancy among the foreign population compared with the German population. As expected, a census-based calculation for the total population and for the German population resulted in only minor revisions to the life expectancy figures. The use of the census results does, however, distinctly alter the life expectancy of foreign women and men. An advantage of over 5 years in life expectancy at birth, measured on the basis of the old population data, needs to be revised to about 2.9 years for men and 2.1 years for women based on the 2011 census. The healthy migrant effect therefore cannot be traced back solely to data artefacts from the old intercensal population updates - even with revised data, the foreign population shows marked survival advantages." (author's abstract). Online Appendix: http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2016-06en. Documenation: http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2016-07en
Schlagwörter:Bevölkerungsentwicklung; Gesundheit; Datengewinnung; Lebenserwartung; German; alien; migrant; mortality; life expectancy; Ausländer; Datenqualität; Migrant; Federal Republic of Germany; population development; census; Sterblichkeit; Deutscher; data quality; Volkszählung; data capture; health; census effects; healthy migrant effect
Marriage, norm orientation and leaving the parental home: Turkish immigrant and native families in Germany
Autor/in:
Windzio, Michael; Aybek, Can M.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 2, S 105-130
Inhalt: "This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Deutscher; German; Türke; Turk; Migrant; migrant; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Ehe; marriage; Familie; family; Familiengründung; family formation; gender-specific factors; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 1, S 99-122
Inhalt: "Der vorliegende Artikel geht der Frage nach, inwiefern sich in Deutschland sowohl auf Haushalts- als auch auf Personenebene von einer Pluralisierung der privaten Lebensformen bis in die jüngste Gegenwart hinein sprechen lässt. Hierfür werden Daten des Mikrozensus und der Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) der letzten Jahrzehnte ausgewertet. Auf Haushaltsebene werden nach dem Familienstand und der Generationenanzahl im Haushalt acht Lebensformen unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Pluralisierung der Lebensformen hauptsächlich zwischen 1972 und 1996 stattgefunden hat, während in den letzten 20 Jahren die Vielfalt in den alten Bundesländern unverändert geblieben und in Ostdeutschland sogar leicht gesunken ist. Ein anderes Bild ergibt sich, wenn man Ein- und Zweigenerationenhaushalte gesondert betrachtet. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass Lebensformen mit Kindern auch in jüngster Zeit vielfältiger wurden, was hauptsächlich auf den Rückgang verheirateter Paare mit Kindern zurückzuführen ist. Auf Personenebene wurde die Klassifizierung der Lebensformen um das Merkmal der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung erweitert, da als ein ausschlaggebender Faktor für den Wandel des familialen Sektors die veränderte Rolle der Frau gesehen wird. Die Befunde weisen auf eine beständige Zunahme der Vielfalt der Lebensformen hin. Ursächlich für diese Pluralisierung des familialen Sektors ist vor allem der Bedeutungsverlust des männlichen Ernährermodells. Dieser Trend ist in Ostdeutschland deutlicher als im Westen. Eine Kohortenanalyse zeigt darüber hinaus eine Zweigipfligkeit der Vielfalt auf der Altersachse: Die Entropie erreicht bei etwa 30 sowie 60 Jahren Höchstwerte, weil es hier häufig zu einem Wechsel der Lebensform kommt. So wird um das 30. Lebensjahr besonders häufig geheiratet und im sechsten Lebensjahrzehnt konzentriert sich der Übergang in die Phase des 'leeren Nests'. Auch die Kohortenanalyse ergibt für die meisten Altersgruppen, dass die Vielfalt der Lebensformen bei den jüngeren Geburtsjahrgängen höher ist als bei den älteren." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper investigates to what extent a pluralisation of living arrangements can be observed in Germany up to the present day - both on the household level as well as the individual level. The analyses are based on data from the microcensus and the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) from the last decades. On the household level, eight different living arrangements are distinguished depending on the marital status and the number of generations living in the house-hold. The results show that pluralisation mainly occurred between 1972 and 1996. In contrast, the diversity of living arrangements in West Germany has remained unchanged during the last 20 years, and it even slightly decreased in East Germany. A different picture emerges when separately looking at one-generation and two-generation households. Living arrangements with children have also diversified in recent years, which is mainly the result of less married couples with children. On the individual level, the classification of living arrangements was extended by the characteristic gender-specific division of labour, since the changed role of women is seen as the crucial factor for the changes in the familial sector. The results indicate a continuous pluralisation of living arrangements. This pluralisation of the familial sector is mainly caused by the male breadwinner model losing importance. This trend is more pronounced in East Germany than in West Germany.A cohort analysis reveals a bimodal distribution of diversity on the age-axis: entropy is highest around the ages of 30 and 60, since living arrangements often change at these points. Individuals often marry around the age of 30, and the transition to an "empty nest" mostly occurs around the age of 60. The cohort analysis for different age groups shows that the diversity of living arrangements is generally higher amongst younger cohorts than amongst older cohorts." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; sozialer Wandel; way of life; pluralism; family; Lebensweise; family member; social change; Familie; Familienangehöriger; Pluralismus
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 1, S 73-98
Inhalt: "Der vorliegende Artikel geht der Frage nach, inwiefern sich in Deutschland sowohl auf Haushalts- als auch auf Personenebene von einer Pluralisierung der privaten Lebensformen bis in die jüngste Gegenwart hinein sprechen lässt. Hierfür werden Daten des Mikrozensus und der Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) der letzten Jahrzehnte ausgewertet. Auf Haushaltsebene werden nach dem Familienstand und der Generationenanzahl im Haushalt acht Lebensformen unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Pluralisierung der Lebensformen hauptsächlich zwischen 1972 und 1996 stattgefunden hat, während in den letzten 20 Jahren die Vielfalt in den alten Bundesländern unverändert geblieben und in Ostdeutschland sogar leicht gesunken ist. Ein anderes Bild ergibt sich, wenn man Ein- und Zweigenerationenhaushalte gesondert betrachtet. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass Lebensformen mit Kindern auch in jüngster Zeit vielfältiger wurden, was hauptsächlich auf den Rückgang verheirateter Paare mit Kindern zurückzuführen ist. Auf Personenebene wurde die Klassifizierung der Lebensformen um das Merkmal der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung erweitert, da als ein ausschlaggebender Faktor für den Wandel des familialen Sektors die veränderte Rolle der Frau gesehen wird. Die Befunde weisen auf eine beständige Zunahme der Vielfalt der Lebensformen hin. Ursächlich für diese Pluralisierung des familialen Sektors ist vor allem der Bedeutungsverlust des männlichen Ernährermodells. Dieser Trend ist in Ostdeutschland deutlicher als im Westen. Eine Kohortenanalyse zeigt darüber hinaus eine Zweigipfligkeit der Vielfalt auf der Altersachse: Die Entropie erreicht bei etwa 30 sowie 60 Jahren Höchstwerte, weil es hier häufig zu einem Wechsel der Lebensform kommt. So wird um das 30. Lebensjahr besonders häufig geheiratet und im sechsten Lebensjahrzehnt konzentriert sich der Übergang in die Phase des 'leeren Nests'. Auch die Kohortenanalyse ergibt für die meisten Altersgruppen, dass die Vielfalt der Lebensformen bei den jüngeren Geburtsjahrgängen höher ist als bei den älteren." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper investigates to what extent a pluralisation of living arrangements can be observed in Germany up to the present day - both on the household level as well as the individual level. The analyses are based on data from the microcensus and the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) from the last decades. On the household level, eight different living arrangements are distinguished depending on the marital status and the number of generations living in the house-hold. The results show that pluralisation mainly occurred between 1972 and 1996. In contrast, the diversity of living arrangements in West Germany has remained unchanged during the last 20 years, and it even slightly decreased in East Germany. A different picture emerges when separately looking at one-generation and two-generation households. Living arrangements with children have also diversified in recent years, which is mainly the result of less married couples with children. On the individual level, the classification of living arrangements was extended by the characteristic gender-specific division of labour, since the changed role of women is seen as the crucial factor for the changes in the familial sector. The results indicate a continuous pluralisation of living arrangements. This pluralisation of the familial sector is mainly caused by the male breadwinner model losing importance. This trend is more pronounced in East Germany than in West Germany.A cohort analysis reveals a bimodal distribution of diversity on the age-axis: entropy is highest around the ages of 30 and 60, since living arrangements often change at these points. Individuals often marry around the age of 30, and the transition to an "empty nest" mostly occurs around the age of 60. The cohort analysis for different age groups shows that the diversity of living arrangements is generally higher amongst younger cohorts than amongst older cohorts." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; sozialer Wandel; way of life; pluralism; family; Lebensweise; family member; social change; Familie; Familienangehöriger; Pluralismus
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 38 (2013) 1, S 29-58
Inhalt: "Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Fertilitätsbiografien im deutschen Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) zu validieren. Die Untersuchungspopulation bilden westdeutsche Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1930-69, für die die durchschnittliche Kinderzahl, die Verteilung der Kinderzahl und die Progressionsraten zum nächsten Kind auf Basis des GGS berechnet und mit anderen Datenquellen verglichen werden. Der zentrale Befund dieser Validierung ist, dass der deutsche GGS die Kinderzahlen der älteren Kohorten unterschätzt und jene der jüngeren Jahrgänge überschätzt. Wir vermuten, dass zwei Mechanismen für dieses Muster verantwortlich sind: Einerseits sind Kinder, die bereits den elterlichen Haushalt verlassen haben, nur lückenhaft erfasst worden. Andererseits sind jüngere Befragte mit kleineren Kindern in der Stichprobe wegen ihrer leichteren Erreichbarkeit überrepräsentiert. Zusammengenommen tragen diese beiden Mechanismen dazu bei, dass die Kinderzahlen der jüngeren Jahrgänge über- und die der älteren Geburtsjahrgänge unterschätzt werden. Die Validierung der Heiratsbiografien offenbart eine ähnliche Schieflage, sodass man folgern muss, dass der deutsche GGS für die Darstellung von Kohortentrends der Fertilität und Nuptialität nicht genutzt werden kann. Vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen mit dem deutschen GGS empfiehlt es sich, in zukünftigen Befragungen bei der retrospektiven Erhebung von umfassenden Fertilitäts- und Partnerschaftsverläufen einfache (Kontroll-)Fragen in das Frageprogramm zu integrieren, um die Angaben in den retrospektiven Modulen überprüfbar zu machen." (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Partnerschaft; partnership; Heirat; wedding; Kinderzahl; number of children; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; Mikrozensus; microcensus; Daten; data; Validierung; validation; Fertilitätsbiografie; Partnerschaftsbiografie; Generations and Gender Survey - GGS
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 38 (2013) 1, S 3-28
Inhalt: "This paper validates the fertility histories of the German Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). Focusing on the cohorts 1930-69 of West German women, the total number of children, the parity distribution and the parity progression ratios are compared to external sources. One major result from this validation is that the German GGS understates the fertility for the older cohorts and overstates it for the younger ones. We presume that two mechanisms are responsible for this pattern in the German GGS: On the one hand, children who have left parental home are underreported in the retrospective fertility histories. On the other hand, women with small children are easier to reach by the interviewer. These two mechanisms taken together produce too low numbers of children for the older and too high ones for the younger cohorts. Extending the validation to marital histories has revealed a similar bias. Our general conclusion from this investigation is that the German GGS may not be used for statistical analyses of cohort fertility and marriage trends. For subsequent surveys, we suggest integrating simple control questions in questionnaires with complex retrospective fertility and union histories." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Partnerschaft; partnership; Heirat; wedding; Kinderzahl; number of children; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; Mikrozensus; microcensus; Daten; data; Validierung; validation; fertility history; union history; Generations and Gender Survey - GGS
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften