Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Eingreifendes Denken - die Historikerin Annette Kuhn im Geschichtsdiskurs der Bundesrepublik seit 1964
Titelübersetzung:Interventional thinking - the historian Annette Kuhn in the German historical discourse since 1964
Autor/in:
Schmidt, Uta C.
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 7 (2015) 3, S 44-60
Inhalt: Auf der Grundlage eines Intellektuellenbegriffs, der Forschungen jenseits von normativen Festschreibungen und Selbstentwürfen perspektiviert, beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit der Historikerin Annette Kuhn. Die Frage nach Spuren "Eingreifenden Denkens" steht dabei im Zentrum. Im Sinne aktueller historischer Intellektuellenforschung wird zur Diskussion der zentralen Thesen ein biografischer Zugang mit zeitgeschichtlichen und wissenssoziologischen Perspektiven verknüpft; hierzu werden Denkbewegungen, Möglichkeitshorizonte, Ereignis- und Handlungskonstellationen seit den 1960er Jahren rekonstruiert.
Inhalt: Based on a definition of “intellectuals” which conceptualizes research beyond normative fixations and self-representation this article focuses on the historian Annette Kuhn. It aims to trace "interventional thinking" and, with a view to recent intellectual research, combines a biographical approach with perspectives from contemporary history and sociology of knowledge to discuss its key assumptions. To that end, movements of thought, ranges of options and constelations of events and actions since the 1960s are reconstructed.
Schlagwörter:Geschichtswissenschaft; science of history; Frauenforschung; women's studies; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Historiker; historian; Intellektueller; intellectual; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; 20. Jahrhundert; twentieth century; 21. Jahrhundert; twenty-first century; Zeitgeschichte; contemporary history; Wissenssoziologie; sociology of knowledge; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Biographie; biography; Geschichtsunterricht; history instruction; Fachdidaktik; subject didactics
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Die Positionierung des weiblichen Subjekts im politischen Raum: eine biographieanalytische Betrachtung der Karrierechancen ostdeutscher Politikerinnen
Titelübersetzung:The position of female biographical identity in the political space: a biography-analytical approach to the study of career opportunities of East German female politicians
Autor/in:
Hippmann, Cornelia
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 16 (2015) 2, S 249-263
Inhalt: "Der folgende Artikel leistet einen Beitrag zur Erforschung von Karrierechancen und -schwierigkeiten ostdeutscher Politikerinnen und begründet die Verwendung eines biographieanalytischen Zugangs. Er beruht auf den Ergebnissen meines Dissertationsprojektes Ostdeutsche Frauen in der Politik. Eine qualitative Analyse. In meinem Beitrag werden die Gründe diskutiert, weshalb gerade der biographieanalytische Zugang geeignet ist, um bisher von den Sozialwissenschaften vernachlässigte Themen der Durchdringung des 'äußeren' Lebensablaufs und der 'Innenweltaufschichtung' biographischer Erfahrungen zu erforschen. Dazu werden zentrale Ergebnisse der Untersuchung skizziert. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass 1989/90 politische und soziokulturelle Systemwechsel einmalige Gestaltungs- und Partizipationschancen für politisch ambitionierte ostdeutsche Frauen bot, um nach dem Aufbau einer neuartigen Politikszene eine Laufbahn als Parlamentarierin einzuschlagen. In dem Artikel wird thematisiert, dass sich die zeitgenössischen Mandatsträgerinnen tendenziell, nicht zuletzt auf Grund ihrer genderisierten Rolle, verschärften Paradoxien in ihrem politischen Handeln ausgesetzt sahen. Dieser Aufsatz will dazu beitragen, auf der Basis meines (abgeschlossenen) Forschungsprojektes konzeptionell die Situation von ostdeutsch-sozialisierten Frauen im politischen Raum aus biographietheoretischer Perspektive zu analysieren, zu diskutieren und das Besondere des Forschungsfeldes zu konturieren." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The following article makes a contribution to the study of opportunities and difficulties of female East German political mandate holders, and justifies the use of an analytical biography approach. The article is empirically based on the results of my dissertation project East German women in politics. A qualitative analysis. In this present paper I discuss the reasons why exactly the biography-analytical approach is suitable to explore topics of the intertwining of 'outer' life course and 'inner' sedimentation of biographical experiences. The key results of my study are outlined. It is shown that especially the rapid political and socio-cultural change within the former GDR in 1989/1990 offered unique participation opportunities for politically ambitious East German women to pursue a career as parliamentarians after a radically new political scene had been set up. The article also focuses on the paradoxes that the contemporary female mandate holders tend to be confronted with; these paradoxes are exacerbated by the ascribed genderized roles of female politicians. On the empirical base of my (finished) research project, this paper attempts to generate analytical categories and to discuss with their help the work and life situation of women socialized in East Germany within political arenas. The analysis will be pursued in a biography-theoretical perspective, and some ofthe particular features of the field of research of East German women in politics will be formulated." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; Federal Republic of Germany; Politikerin; ; Karriere; career; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; politische Partizipation; political participation; politisches Handeln; political action; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Rollenbild; role image; woman; Sozialisation; socialization; Biographie; biography; qualitative Methode; qualitative method; Sozialforschung; social research; narratives Interview; narrative interview; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften
Willingness to communicate and its relationship with emotional intelligence and gender differences
Autor/in:
Gholami, Leila
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 52, S 87-94
Inhalt: As a matter of fact, contemporary universal education gives prominence on authentic communication as an ultimate goal of language learning. Language teaching and learning processes are among the most important and complex human endeavors which is the result of the complicated nature of human beings. Therefore, a successful language learner is the one who is capable of dealing with complexities of teaching-learning processes. Various recent learner-fronted teaching methodologies have underscored the notion of learner-initiated communication which is known as willingness to communicate (WTC). To date, various variables have been discovered by scholars to be influential in the satisfactory flow of communication among students in the language classrooms. Another variable analyzed in the present study is the potential relationship between learners' gender and WTC as well as their emotional intelligence (EQ-i). Therefore, the present study tries to investigate the possible go-togetherness between learners' willingness to communicate and their emotional intelligence. Two questionnaires of Bar-On's (1997) emotional quotient inventory and McCrosky's (1992) willingness to communicate scale were administered to a total of 100 academic EFL learners. After obtaining the raw data, the SPSS software (version17) was used to change the data into numerical interpretable forms. Correlation analysis revealed that there is positive correlation between learner’s willingness to communicate and their emotional intelligence level. Furthermore, the findings characterized females as the outperforming group both in terms of emotional intelligence and willingness to communicate.
Inhalt: Das Ländliche wird vielfach als das Andere zur Stadt konstruiert, mit Entwicklungsrückstand assoziiert oder zum Sehnsuchtsort hochstilisiert. Land_Frauen werden selbst in feministischen Diskursen abgewertet oder ignoriert. Die Dichotomisierung von Stadt und Land, Homogenisierungen und Ideologisierungen von Seiten der Wissenschaft, Politik, Verwaltung und der Medien tragen maßgeblich dazu bei. Mittels der poststrukturalistischen Konzepte der Konstruktion, Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion wird in diesem Essay das Wechselverhältnis von Subjekten und Strukturen in ländlichen Regionen beleuchtet und darüber reflektiert, wie ländliche Sozialforschung und rurale Geschlechterforschung zu einem (selbst-) kritischen Diskurs beitragen können.
Inhalt: The rural is often constructed as the opposite to the urban, associated with lagging behind or idolized as a place of nostalgia. Rural women were - even in feminist discourses - devalued or ignored. These tendencies are intensified by science, politics, administration and the media by ideologizations, the homogenizing of society and the dichotomization of the urban and the rural. Using the post-structural approaches of construction, deconstruction and reconstruction, this essay examines closely the reciprocal relationship between rural subjects and structures. It reflects how rural social research and rural gender studies can contribute to a (self-) critical discourse.
Titelübersetzung:Geschlecht und Terrorismus in städtischen Räumen
Autor/in:
Keenan, Kevin
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 100-114
Inhalt: Theoretical development within gender studies and terrorism studies has occurred along the axes of identity, material and spatial power and inequality, and geography. Gender scholars have been concerned with the transformation of oppressive political structures, with increased inequality and understanding how gender structures limit women’s opportunities, and with the role of separate geo-graphical and social spheres in shaping outcomes. Terrorism scholars have con-ceptualized terror as a political process, the result largely of economic inequality and to some extent, gender structures, and they have articulated a role for urban space in conceptualizing interventionist policy to ameliorate the terrorist threat. This paper traces the development of these theoretical traditions, pointing out the thematic similarities, but also the dissimilar objects of inquiry. A review of the scholarship where gender informs terrorism studies points the way to future development of scholarship around (1) solving the global terrorism problem by further understanding gender structures for both men and women; (2) the role of urban and non-urban spaces as the backdrop for terrorist recruitment and formation processes; and (3) how gender is likely to affect actual survival for gendered urban populations when terrorism occurs.
Schlagwörter:perception; gender studies; gender; Wahrnehmung; Risiko; Gender; risk; Bedrohung; Stadt; USA; woman; town; Geschlechterforschung; Feminismus; terrorism; feminism; threat; Terrorismus; United States of America; urban space; hazards
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Absent from the frontline but not absent from the struggle: women in mining
Titelübersetzung:Fehlen einer Frontlinie, aber nicht von Kampf: Frauen im Bergbau
Autor/in:
Benya, Asanda
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 22 (2013) 1, S 144-147
Inhalt: Im Beitrag wird eine ethnographische Studie präsentiert, deren Gegenstand die Teilnahme von Frauen an den Arbeitskämpfen im südafrikanischen Bergbau gewesen ist. Die Darstellung ist durch folgende theoretisch abgeleitete Fragen gerahmt: Wie erfolgt die Verwandlung der geschlechtsspezifischen Gestaltung des sozialen Raumes in kulturelle und alltagsbezogene Praktiken und wie erfolgt die Produktion und die Reproduktion sozialer Räume angesichts der Absonderung von frauenspezifischen Aufgaben im Rahmen des Arbeitskampfes? Den Schwerpunkt der Studie bilden die Muster der geschlechtsspezifischen Partizipation innerhalb der Interessenvertretungen der Bergarbeiter und ihre Bedeutung im Arbeitskampf. (ICB)
Schlagwörter:Republik Südafrika; Republic of South Africa; Bergbau; mining; Arbeitskampf; industrial action; Arbeitskonflikt; industrial dispute; Arbeitsgestaltung; job design; Arbeitsbeziehungen; labor relations; Arbeitsbedingungen; working conditions; woman; Frauenbild; image of women; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Partizipation; participation; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; südliches Afrika; Southern Africa; Entwicklungsland; developing country; Afrika südlich der Sahara; Africa South of the Sahara; Afrika; Africa
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Negotiating tensions in researching, facilitating, and critiquing gender: exploring institutional and feminist influences
Titelübersetzung:Forschung im Spannungsfeld zwischen institutionellen und feministischen Einflüssen
Autor/in:
Lane, Laura; Taber, Nancy; Woloshyn, Vera
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13 (2012) 3, 17 S
Inhalt: "In diesem Artikel reflektieren die Autoren ihren Umgang mit dem Erleben von Spannungen im Verlauf von Forschungsprojekten. Als Wissenschaftlerinnen in unterschiedlichen Stadien der universitären Karriere beschreiben sie die je eigene Auseinandersetzung mit dem bzw. im Forschungsprozess und im Besonderen das Aushandeln von Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten mit Blick auf die Institution, der sie zugehören einerseits und ihre feministische Orientierung andererseits. Sie diskutieren die verfügbare Literatur zur Frage der Verantwortlichkeit von Akademiker/ innen, Spannungen, die mit Forschungsarbeiten einhergehen sowie feministische Methodologien, mit denen sie sich Gender bezogenen Fragen in der eigenen Arbeit angenähert haben. Die eigene Forschungsarbeit kontextualisieren sie, indem sie reflexiv auf die je individuellen Positionen und hinzugezogenen Methodologien Bezug nehmen, und sie zeigen ihren Aushandlungsprozess zwischen akademischen Erfordernissen und der eigenen, feministischen Orientierung. Am Ende behandeln sie die Bedeutsamkeit, die aus ihrer Perspektive dem Schaffen von Räumen für feministische Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der Universität zukommt." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This article explores the authors' experiences with negotiating tensions when conducting research. As three female researchers in various stages of their academic careers, they describe their own reflexive accounts of the research process as they negotiated their roles and responsibilities in relation to academic institutions and feminism. They discuss the literature related to responsibilities of academics, the tensions associated with conducting research, and the feminist methodologies addressing gendered issues in the current study. The authors contextualize the research project by outlining their positionalities and the methodology for their reflexive process. They then discuss their experiences of negotiating ourselves within an academic institution and within feminism. They conclude by discussing the importance of creating a feminist space through collaboration within academic institutions." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:science; Sozialwissenschaft; social science; Sozialwissenschaftler; social scientist; woman; Frauenforschung; women's studies; Feminismus; feminism; Rolle; role; Rollenbild; role image; Rolleneinnahme; role taking; Rollenverständnis; role conception; Rollenzuschreibung; role ascription; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialpsychologie, Forschung, Forschungsorganisation