Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Barriers to women's representation in academic excellence and positions of power
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 2 (2017) , S 1-13
Inhalt: "Nearly for half a century women's advancement in the workplace has been in a debate. Women’s under-represented in higher education institutions and universities across the globe, and especially in the most powerful or influential posts, is well established. Despite gender equality commitments and women's educational attainment, still, they are underrepresented. Regions and countries may vary in term of culture, achievements and development, but barriers for women's representation in academia are surprisingly similar in many regions. It is found that there are several barriers which women might be experiencing in academia ranging from personal, organizational to societal." (author's abstract)
Die Arbeit von Männern und Frauen: eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der geschlechtsspezifischen Rollenverteilung in Frankreich, Schweden und Österreich
Autor/in:
Dörfler, Sonja; Wernhart, Georg
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Forschungsbericht / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien, 19), 2016. 81 S
Inhalt: Die zentrale Forschungsfrage dieser Arbeit zielt darauf ab, die Ursachen der länderspezifischen Unterschiede bei den vorherrschenden Geschlechterrollen in Österreich, Frankreich und Schweden darzustellen. Dabei wurde ein historischer Rückblick vorgenommen, der die Entwicklungen der Arbeitsteilung vom 19. Jahrhundert weg bis zu den 1970er Jahren beleuchtet. Als Grundlage dafür dienten deutsch- und englischsprachige Literatur aus den Sozial, Kultur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften sowie Gesetzestexte. Weiters wurden die Entwicklungen ab den 1970er Jahren anhand einer Literaturanalyse, Sekundärdatenanalysen und eigenen Auswertungen aus unterschiedlichen internationalen Datenquellen dargelegt und analysiert. Zur Analyse der Entwicklung relevanter gesellschaftlicher Einstellungen und damit der Wertehaltungen in den drei Ländern wurden eigene Auswertungen aus dem ISSP (International Social Survey Programm) und EVS (European Value Studies) vorgenommen.
Underrepresentation of women at academic excellence and position of power: role of harassment and glass ceiling
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (2016) 2, S 173-185
Inhalt: The study intends to comprehend the underrepresentation of women on positions of power and
academic excellence in academia. The study explained the role of exploitation and harassment,
which might hinder, when women were trying to climb to top hierarchical position. The majority
of women supervised by male heads, sexual harassment could be used as a glass ceiling to hamper
women to reach top hierarchal level. The majority participants were working on lower academic
and administrative hierarchy; they were experiencing harassment throughout the hierarchical
level. Similarly, they considered that harassment could contribute to the underrepresentation of
women at academic excellence and a position of power.
The Effect of Gender and Ethnicity and their Intersection on Work Satisfaction and Earnings in Estonia, 1993-2008
Autor/in:
Hansson, Leeni; Aavik, Kadri
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 4 (2012) 2, S 3-19
Inhalt: "This article examines trends in the labour market position, defined in terms of three dimensions - earnings, perceived job security and overall job satisfaction - among four population groups in Estonia - Estonian men and women and Russian-speaking men and women. We explore how the labour market position of these groups changed between 1993 and 2008. We used data from 1993 and 2008, collected in the population survey Work, Family and Leisure, designed by the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. We carried out a two-step analysis: first, we conducted descriptive analysis to explore changes in the labour market situation of men and women of two ethnic groups in the period of 1993-2008; and second, we used models of multivariate analysis of variances to examine how gender, ethnicity and occupational status as well as the intersection of these variables are related to earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We found that Estonian men have emerged as the most successful group in the labour market, while the labour market position of Russian-speaking women is the most disadvantaged compared to other groups in terms of earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We suggest that these labour market inequalities could be increasing, and that the interaction of gender and ethnicity might become increasingly important in shaping labour market outcomes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Estland; Estonia; Einkommen; income; Arbeitszufriedenheit; work satisfaction; gender-specific factors; Mann; man; woman; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Stellung im Beruf; occupational status; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
The evolution of labor relations inside a Russian firm during late tansition: evidence from personnel data
Titelübersetzung:Die Entwicklung innerbetrieblicher Arbeitsverhältnisse einer russischen Firma in Zeiten der Transformation: Evidenz von Personaldaten
Autor/in:
Lehmann, Hartmut
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 35 (2010) 2, S 334-361
Inhalt: "Diese Studie bespricht drei Arbeiten, die sich mit dem internen Arbeitsmarkt einer russischen Firma in den Jahren 1997 bis 2002 befassen und sich dabei auf drei Themenbereiche konzentrieren. Die Arbeiten analysieren bisher nicht zugängliche Personaldaten, die die Arbeitsgeschichte jedes einzelnen Beschäftigten sowie monatliche Löhne und Gesamtvergütung im Jahresdurchschnitt beinhalten. Da diese Arbeiten Teil eines größeren Forschungsprojektes über interne Arbeitsmärkte in Russland und der Ukraine sind, beginnt unsere Studie mit einer generellen Einschätzung, wie die Analyse von Personaldaten aus Transformationsländern zur allgemeinen Literatur über interne Arbeitsmärkte beitragen kann. Kurzen Beschreibungen der analysierten Firma und der benutzten Personaldaten folgen die Motivierung und ausschlaggebenden Resultate der drei Arbeiten. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Frage, wie die Kosten der russischen Finanzkrise des Jahres 1998 auf die Beschäftigten innerhalb der Firma verteilt werden und ob langjährig beschäftigte Arbeitnehmer von negativen Schocks abgeschirmt werden. Das zweite Papier betrachtet die Diskussion über die Lohnbestimmung in Russland und analysiert die engere Fragestellung, ob lokale Arbeitsmarktbedingungen einen wichtigen Faktor im Lohnbestimmungsprozess darstellen oder ob stabile interne Arbeitsmarktstrukturen von vorrangiger Bedeutung für das Personalmanagement der Firma sind. Die letzte besprochene Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zu der Literatur über die Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen von Frauen während der Transformation, indem sie die Entwicklung und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohndifferentials innerhalb der Firma aufzeigt." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper surveys three studies on the internal labor market of one Russian firm spanning the years 1997 to 2002 and focusing on three different issues. The studies use unique personnel data that were collected by us and that include the work history of each employee as well as annual averages of monthly wages and total compensation. Since the three studies are part of a larger project on internal labor markets in Russia and Ukraine during transition, the paper starts off with a general assessment of how the analysis of personnel data from transition countries can contribute to the general literature on internal labor markets. After short descriptions of the investigated firm and the personnel data at our disposal, the motivation and the pertinent results of the three studies are presented. While the first study looks at the question how the costs of a financial crisis are spread over the workforce and whether incumbent employees are sheltered from negative shocks in the economy, the second study is tied to the discussion of wage determination in Russia and analyzes the narrower question whether local labor market conditions are an important factor in the wage determination process of the firm at hand or whether stable internal labor market structures are of primary concern for its human resource managers. The third study contributes to the literature on the labor market experience of women in transition by analyzing the evolution and the determinants of the gender earnings gap in the firm." (author's abstract)
Gendering insiders and outsiders: labour market status and preferences for job security
Autor/in:
Emmenegger, Patrick
Quelle: University of Edinburgh, Publication and Dissemination Centre (PUDISCwowe); Edinburgh (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, REC-WP 02/2010), 2010. 36 S
Inhalt: This paper examines the role of gender in the relationship between labour market status and preferences for job security. We hypothesize that the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment suffers from a gender bias. It neither takes the possibility of family-related labour market transitions nor the role of the household situation (division of labour, presence of children, dual-earner households etc.) into account. We adapt the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment by incorporating the, on average, higher number of labour market transitions experienced by women into the model using interaction effects and by conceptualising the household situation as mobility and responsibility effects. Contrary to our expectations, we find no significant effect of gender on preferences for job security, neither in interaction with labour market status nor as an independent effect. In contrast, we observe that individuals living together with their partners and main contributors to the household income consider job security to be particularly important.
Beantwortung des Fragenkatalogs zu der öffentlichen Anhörung des Ausschusses für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend zum Thema "Entgeltgleichheit zwischen Frauen
und Männern"
Autor/in:
Ziegler, Astrid
Quelle: Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut in der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung; Düsseldorf, 2009. 15 S
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; gender-specific factors; woman; Mann; man; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income; Diskriminierung; discrimination
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Public-private sector segmentation in the labour market in Pakistan
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza; Kingdon, Geeta
Quelle: Journal of Asian Economics, 20 (2009) 1, S 34-39
Inhalt: This study investigates public–private sector wage differentials for male and female waged employees in Pakistan. This is done using latest nationally representative data from the Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2005. We adopt three methodologies to obtain robust estimates of the wage differential and the results reveal that public sector workers enjoy large wage premia. The gross pro-public wage differential is much larger for women than for men. Our findings also show that while private and public sector workers' differing characteristics 'explain' a larger proportion of the private–public wage gap for men, this is not the case for women.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; privater Sektor; private sector; Pakistan; wage difference; öffentlicher Sektor; Lohnunterschied; public sector; Mann; woman; South Asia; Südasien; gender-specific factors; man; Pakistan; labor market; public-private sector; labour market
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Do Austrian Men and Women Become more Equal? At Least in Terms of Labor Supply!
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 71), 2008. 15 S
Inhalt: Similar to most industrialized countries, female labor supply in Austria has been increasing for the last decades, while labor force participation for men has been constant or even somewhat declining. This working paper - in cooperation with the University of Linz - provides an insight into wage elasticities concerning work participation and weekly hours for Austrian men and women between 1987 and 1999. It presents the almost continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women. While their elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they approached rapidly the much less elastic behavior of men. These developments are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs. In this paper we differentiate between married and never-married women; which is very important in explaining labour force participation. As these differences are negligible for men we refrain from this distinction. Labor supply elasticities give an impression about attachment to the labor force; very high elasticities of (married) women have often been interpreted as evidence for low labor force attachment and a traditional family role model: the male bread-winner model where female market participation was considered as supplementary and more volatile. Due to increasing educational attainment of women, developments on the marriage market - lower marriage and higher divorce rates - and most importantly changing social roles and norms, it can be expected that this traditional male-breadwinner model will have considerably lost its importance.
Schlagwörter:Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Mann; man; woman; Arbeitskräfte; manpower; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Lohn; wage; Heirat; wedding; Arbeitsangebot; labor supply; Bildungsniveau; level of education; gender-specific factors; Rollenwandel; role change; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung