Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
When working isn't enough: Family demographic processes and in-work poverty across the life course in the United States
Autor/in:
Van Winkle, Zachary; Struffolino, Emanuela
Quelle: Demographic Research, 39 (2018) , S 365-380
Inhalt: [Background:] In-work poverty, a phenomenon that engenders social exclusion, is exceptionally high in the United States. The literature on in-work poverty focuses on occupational polarization, human capital, demographic characteristics, and welfare generosity. However, we have no knowledge on the effects of family demographic processes on in-work poverty across individuals' life courses. [Objective:] We estimate the risk of in-work poverty in the United States over the life course as a function of family demographic processes, namely leaving the parental home, union formation and dissolution, and the transition to parenthood. [Methods:] We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and fixed effects regression models with interactions between age and each family demographic process to estimate age-specific associations between these processes and the probability of in-work poverty. [Results:] In-work poverty is a common phenomenon across the life courses of our study cohort: 20% of individuals are at risk of in-work poverty at every age. However, the risk generally decreases for men and increases for women across the life course. Leaving the parental home, entering parenthood, and separation increase, while marriage decreases the risk of in-work poverty. While the associations between marital statuses and in-work poverty are stable over the life course, the associations between parental home leaving and fertility with in-work poverty vary by age. [Contribution:] Our findings demonstrate the importance of family demographic processes over and above traditional stratification factors for the risk of in-work poverty. Associations between family demographic processes and in-work poverty estimated for all age groups may be grossly underestimated.
Schlagwörter:Erwerbsbeteiligung; demographic factors; life career; Armut; Familie; wirtschaftliche Faktoren; Einkommensunterschied; USA; Elternschaft; exclusion; difference in income; family; economic factors; Exklusion; labor force participation; demographische Faktoren; Lebenslauf; gender-specific factors; Ungleichheit; parenthood; inequality; poverty; United States of America; family processes; working poor
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
"Es war ein Opfer, welches wir erbrachten ..." - Perspektiven auf Migration in Familien
Titelübersetzung:Family members' perspectives on migration
Autor/in:
Jurt, Luzia; Roulin, Christophe
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 7 (2015) 1, S 129-144
Inhalt: "Im Kontext von Familie und Migration taucht in Diskursen immer wieder der Begriff des 'Opfers' auf. Dabei existieren unterschiedliche Sichtweisen, ob Migration als Opfer für die Familie gewertet wird oder ob sie Familienmitglieder zu Opfern macht. Diese unterschiedlichen Perspektiven auf den Opferbegriff werden stark durch das Geschlecht und die Rollen in der Familie beeinflusst. Anhand einer empirischen Studie wird aufgezeigt, wie Mütter, Väter und Kinder mit dem Opferbegriff umgehen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the context of family and migration there is a discourse of migration as sacrifice. However, the perspectives of who sacrifices what for the family and who is considered to have been sacrificed are highly divergent and strongly influenced by gender and family roles. Based on empirical research the article shows how mothers, fathers and children position themselves in these discourses of sacrifice." (author's abstract)
Marriage, norm orientation and leaving the parental home: Turkish immigrant and native families in Germany
Autor/in:
Windzio, Michael; Aybek, Can M.
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 40 (2015) 2, S 105-130
Inhalt: "This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Deutscher; German; Türke; Turk; Migrant; migrant; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Ehe; marriage; Familie; family; Familiengründung; family formation; gender-specific factors; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Wertorientierung; value-orientation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Three women in a city: crossing borders and negotiating national belonging
Autor/in:
Pape, Elise; Takeda, Ayumi; Guhlich, Anna
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 15 (2014) 1-2, S 39-56
Inhalt: "The major theoretical literature has considered the concept of nation primarily from a macro level. This article explores the question of national belonging departing from an individual's point of view, more precisely from the life story of three migrant women. Migration and transnational practices have challenged the perception of the homogeneity of nations, questioning the idea of fixed boundaries, and showing how different national and social forms of belonging may develop simultaneously through migration experience. Drawing on biographical interviews conducted with three migrant women, Amina El Asri, Gule Yildiz and Zuzana Svitá, the present analysis focusses on the construction of national belonging of the women in an intersectional perspective. Mrs. El Asri, Mrs. Yildiz and Mrs. Svitá originate from different countries (respectively Morocco, Turkey and Czechia). They have different social origins and ages, but share the same sex, their residence in the same city in West Germany and the fact that they all have children. The analysis reveals the profound impact of the socio-historical contexts the women come from on their construction of national belonging, but also of age and of transmission processes to their children. It is mainly through passing on their mother tongue and reshaping their conception of national belonging over time that the women manage to establish strong ties to their children, and contribute, by articulating different lines of belonging, to the redefinition of (trans)nation building processes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Migration; migration; Migrant; migrant; woman; Nation; nation; nationale Identität; national identity; Identitätsbildung; identity formation; Gruppenzugehörigkeit; group membership; gender-specific factors; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; Familie; family; Generation; generation; soziale Herkunft; social background; Bindung; commitment; Federal Republic of Germany; Biographie; biography; biographische Methode; biographical method
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Migration
Gleiches Ausmaß, unterschiedliche Formen des partnerschaftlichen Zusammenlebens: eine Kohortenanalyse für Ost- und Westdeutschland
Autor/in:
Lengerer, Andrea
Quelle: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren, (2011) 45, S 11-15
Inhalt: "In Westdeutschland findet schon seit geraumer Zeit ein Wandel partnerschaftlicher Lebensformen
statt. Der genaue Verlauf dieses Wandels und die Frage seiner Deutung sind zwar nach wie vor umstritten. Klar ist aber, dass die Verbreitung der Ehe abgenommen hat, weil immer später im Lebensverlauf und seltener geheiratet wird. Gleichzeitig hat sich die nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft als weitere Form des Zusammenlebens mit einem Partner etabliert. So gesehen sind die partnerschaftlichen Lebensformen vielfältiger geworden. Auch das Leben ohne Partner hat in bestimmten Lebensphasen zugenommen." (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:way of life; alte Bundesländer; Ehe; marriage; life career; Alleinstehender; Lebensweise; old federal states; Familie; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; sozialer Wandel; family; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; Lebenslauf; single; gender-specific factors; social change; New Federal States; nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft; domestic partnership
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Auf der Suche nach Balance: Frauen und Männer zwischen Beruf, Familie und Engagement
Autor/in:
Alscher, Mareike
Quelle: WZB-Mitteilungen, (2010) 129, S 31-33
Inhalt: "Verschiedene Lebensbereiche in Balance zu bringen ist eine zentrale gesellschaftspolitische Aufgabe. Wenn es um das Gleichgewicht von Beruf, Familie und freiwilligem Engagement geht, sind Frauen stärker herausgefordert als Männer. Bestimmte Lebensphasen begünstigen die freiwilligen Aktivitäten von Frauen. Viele sind in der Familienphase, wenn sie sich etwa in Schulen und Kindergärten engagieren. Es ist naheliegend, dass teilzeitbeschäftigte Mütter hier aktiver sind als Mütter, die Vollzeit arbeiten. Mehr Zeit für ehrenamtliches Engagement haben Männer. Trotz Vollzeitjobs und Familie gelingt es ihnen, sich in höherem Maße als Frauen zu engagieren." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "It is an important sociopolitical task to bring various spheres of life into balance. It is a much bigger challenge for women than for men to juggle working life, family and voluntary engagement. There are certain stages in life when it is easier for women to get involved in voluntary activities – many are parenting when they become involved in kindergartens and schools, for example. Obviously, mothers with part-time jobs are more involved than mothers who work full-time. Men, meanwhile, have more time on their hands for voluntary work. Even if they are working full-time and have families, they are able to commit more time for voluntary activities than women." (author's abstract)
Die Auswirkungen häuslicher Pflege auf die Arbeitsteilung in der Familie
Titelübersetzung:Home care and its effects on the division of labour in the family
Autor/in:
Jabsen, Annika; Blossfeld, Hans-Peter
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 20 (2008) 3, S 293-321
Inhalt: 'Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen der Anwesenheit pflegebedürftiger Personen auf die individuelle Zeitverwendung und die Arbeitsteilung der Haushaltsmitglieder. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich konkret auf die Zeit, die Frauen und Männer im Alter von 30 bis 65 Jahren für Erwerbstätigkeit und Haushaltsarbeit aufbringen und fokussiert die Veränderung der individuellen und relativen Zeitverwendungsmuster bei Eintritt eines Pflegeereignisses. Es handelt sich um eine Längsschnittanalyse auf Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels von 1985 bis 2004. Empirisch zeigt sich, dass sich vor allem die Frauen nach einem Pflegeereignis verstärkt im Haushalt engagieren und ihre Erwerbsbeteiligung reduzieren. Auf Paarebene lassen sich verstärkte Traditionalisierungstendenzen erkennen. Die Frau übernimmt einen größeren Anteil der Hausarbeitszeit, der Mann einen größeren Anteil der Erwerbsarbeitszeit.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'In this article the authors study the effects of home care on individual time use patterns of family members and the household division of labour. They focus on the amount of time that 30 to 65 year old women and men spend on employment and housework, and the changes that might occur on both the individual and the couples level when home care becomes necessary. The longitudinal analysis is based on data of the German Socioeconomic Panel from 1985 to 2004. Referring to caring for relatives, empirical evidence shows that women, in particular, increase their time for housework and decrease their time for paid employment. Focusing on couples division of labour in the household, their findings indicate a traditionalization process. The female partner fulfills the larger part of the housework time requirements, while the male partner fulfills the larger part of paid employment time requirements.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; Arbeitsteilung; time budgeting; family member; Erwerbstätigkeit; division of labor; gainful employment; Familie; Hausarbeit; home care; Altenpflege; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; häusliche Pflege; family; Partnerschaft; nursing care for the elderly; gender-specific factors; Familienangehöriger
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie