Global Pandemic and the Veiled Crisis of Care in Turkey: Politics of Social Reproduction and Masculinist Restoration
Titelübersetzung:Globale Pandemie und die verschleierte Krise der Pflege in der Türkei: Politik der sozialen Reproduktion und maskulinistische Restauration
Autor/in:
Akkan, Başak
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 46 (2021) 4, S 31-49
Inhalt: Drawing on feminist debates about social reproduction and care while looking closely at gendered care politics and gender-insensitive containment measures, this article critically explores the politics of care in Turkey in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. It does so by engaging with the theoretical debate over "social reproduction as a site of crisis" (Fraser 2016, 2017) and provides a contextualised reflection on the contested features of the crisis of care in a highly gendered political setting where a familialist regime defines gender relations. Because such regimes expect women to increase their burden of care in times of crisis, the pandemic’s gender-insensitive containment politics fundamentally strengthened the boundaries between paid and unpaid work. The article explores the combination of gendered vulnerabilities related to increased unpaid care work and degraded conditions experienced by care workers during lockdowns as a manifestation of the crisis of care in Turkey. Besides neoliberal capitalism, as suggested by Fraser, Turkey's rising authoritarian conservatism also characterises the crisis of care, which has implications for gender inequalities. Accordingly, this article invokes the conceptual framework of "masculinist restoration," as suggested by Kandiyoti (2016, 2019) and argues that women’s situatedness as care providers has been losing its positional power as a cultural element of the familialist regime in Turkey. Instead, this situatedness is being enforced as a political project that aims to institutionalise familialism to secure patriarchal domination in a society, which therefore pertains to a veiled crisis of care.
Mediating the female terrorist: Patricia Hearst and the containment of the feminist terrorist threat in the United States in the 1970s
Titelübersetzung:Die Medialisierung des weiblichen Terroristen: Patricia Hearst und die Eindämmung der feministischen terroristischen Bedrohung in den USA in den 1970er Jahren
Autor/in:
Third, Amanda
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 150-175
Inhalt: In January 1976, the trial of Patricia Campbell Hearst caused a Western media sensation. Representing the culmination of her spectacular kidnapping and conversion to the terrorist cause of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), Hearst was on trial for her participation in the Hibernia National Bank robbery almost two years earlier. As of the commencement of the trial, the story of the heiress-come-female-terrorist had been captivating Western media audiences for two years. This article analyses the ways that mainstream media coverage of this event operated to contain both the threat of this particular female terrorist, and the threat of second-wave feminism more broadly. Within Western culture, there has historically been a concern with the need to regulate the mainstream media’s coverage of terrorist events. In this line of thinking, the mainstream media are a precondition for, and a potential site of the contagion of, terrorism. However, as I demonstrate, ultimately, mainstream media coverage of terrorist events in which women are key protagonists operates to recuperate the threat of terrorism. In doing so, it reproduces and reasserts dominant patriarchal gender relations and thus works in the interests of dominant culture, rather than against them.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; gender; Mediatisierung; Berichterstattung; Gender; Massenmedien; Diskurs; discourse; USA; woman; Geschlechterverhältnis; Feminismus; political violence; terrorism; feminism; mediatization; reporting; politische Gewalt; Terrorismus; United States of America; mass media; Patty Hearst; second-wave feminism
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Medieninhalte, Aussagenforschung
Escaping/transgressing the feminine: bodies, prisons and weapons of proximity
Titelübersetzung:Weiblichkeit überwinden/überschreiten: Körper, Gefängnisse und die Waffen der Nähe
Autor/in:
Agra Romeo, María Xosé
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 115-134
Inhalt: Assuming that gender relationships are essential to any analysis of terrorism and political violence, I shall examine how the sex-gender stereotypes work, as well as their transgressions. The female military protagonists in the Abu Ghraib media scandal and the women prisoners of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the dirty protest in Armagh (1980) are used as a framework in which issues of visibility/invisibility, independence/ dependence, invulnerability/ vulnerability of women will be addressed. The paper pays particular attention to both the violence against the body and also to the use of the body as a political weapon. From this perspective I analyse both the differences and similarities of menstrual blood as a weapon of proximity in both contexts. The two cases have in common the fact that they occurred in prisons and that women embodied non-traditional roles: soldiers, women political prisoners, allowing for reflection from feminist perspectives on the female inclusion in the citizenship, on participation in political violence and terrorism and on agency and autonomy.
Titelübersetzung:Individualisierung und Fertilität
Autor/in:
Ehrhardt, Jens; Kohli, Martin
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 36 (2011) 2, S 35-64
Inhalt: "In this paper, the authors discuss individualization theory as a parsimonious framework concept to describe and explain core points of fertility change in Western societies since the end of the 19th century. They emphasize two dimensions of individualization: firstly, the increase in status of the individual in cultural, social, economic and legal respects (human dignity); secondly, the increase in autonomy and freedom of choice. In contrast to other approaches based on individualization theory, the authors do not use the concept of self-realization in the sense of an increased orientation towards purely individual interests, not least because this concept has failed before the renewed rise in fertility that has recently been observed in some advanced societies. They discuss the relevance of these two dimensions of individualization in the context of the first transition and the 1960s with its declining fertility rates. Whereas the first demographic transition can be mainly explained by the rising status of children, which increased the costs of parenting and thus changed the interests of (potential) parents to have children, the transition in the 1960s resulted mainly from the rising status of women in education and the labor market. An important but hitherto neglected change was the increasing divorce rates, as the possibility to dissolve a marriage devalued the traditional gender contract of the breadwinner/ housewife model and decreased the willingness of women and men to invest in marriage and children. The contrast between the recently growing fertility rates in Sweden, France and the US with the continuously low fertility in the German-speaking countries can partly be seen as a result of different divorce regimes. Whereas the first group of countries has limited the entitlement to spousal support through alimonies, the second group has institutionalized extensive entitlements for mothers." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; demographischer Übergang; demographic transition; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Individualisierung; individualization; Federal Republic of Germany; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; Ehescheidung; divorce; Theorie; theory; westliche Welt; Western world; 19. Jahrhundert; nineteenth century; 20. Jahrhundert; twentieth century; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; population development; woman; Bildung; education; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Schweden; Sweden; Frankreich; France; USA; United States of America; Nordamerika; North America
SSOAR Kategorie:Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Using qualitative content analysis of popular literature for uncovering long-term social processes: the case of gender relations in Germany
Titelübersetzung:Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse von Populärliteratur und die Rekonstruktion langfristiger Entwicklungen am Beispiel der Geschlechterbeziehungen in Deutschland
Autor/in:
Ernst, Stefanie
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 34 (2009) 1, S 252-269
Inhalt: 'Untersuchungen langfristiger Prozesse liefern ein Verständnis für gegenwärtige soziale Probleme und die Entwicklungen der Gesellschaft. Eine spezifische, oft vernachlässigte und als wissenschaftlich irrelevante Datenart stellt die populärwissenschaftliche und Ratgeberliteratur dar. Diese besondere Textgattung kann sich für eine soziologische Inhaltsanalyse als gewinnbringend erschließen lassen. Der Aufsatz untersucht in Form einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse dieser Texte vom 18. Jahrhundert an exemplarisch die Hervorbringung zeitgenössischer Verhaltensideale über die Geschlechterbeziehungen. Unter Rekurs auf das theoretische, prozesssoziologische Etablierte- und Außenseiter-Modell von Norbert Elias und John L. Scotson wird dadurch die Persistenz geschlechterstereotyper Konstruktionen von Führung deutlich. Methodologisch erfordert dies innerhalb der möglichen Fülle einer sehr breiten Datenbasis Klassifikationsmerkmale, Fragestellung, Hypothesen, theoretische Einbettung u.a. zu extrapolieren und strukturelle Eigentümlichkeiten der ausgewählten Texte aufzuzeigen. Als ein Teilbereich dieses gesellschaftlichen Strukturwandels wird die Geschlechterbeziehung herausgegriffen und auf die Frage konzentriert, wie das Thema der Erwerbstätigkeit, Wissensfähigkeit und Wissenschaftstätigkeit von Frauen verarbeitet wird. Die inhaltsanalytische Auswertung der Fragestellung bezieht sich auf n=86 als Grundgesamtheit ausgewählter Sittenlehren, Anstands- bzw. Benimmbücher und moderner (Frauen-)Ratgeberbücher.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'Studies in long-term figurational approaches provide explanations for social problems and the development of society. A specific but often neglected kind of data in Social Science Research is the so-called popular literature being regarded as non-scientific. But it was and actually is still playing an enormous role in social life. The paper discusses how we can use this literature as a source for studying long-term processes. The presented case observes the work relations between the sexes and the contemporary behavioural ideals. Several research methods and theoretical models are adopted: the qualitative content analysis refers to 18th century books on etiquette and present-day career guides reconstructing the persistence of women's under-representation in leadership posts. It moreover refers to a model of gossip and gossip control from Elias/ Scotson to explain social inequalities between groups. This demands to extrapolate within a very broad database of classification profiles, hypotheses, theoretical imbedding and to point structural peculiarities out of the selected texts. In this context I examine the example of the intellectual women and how the topic of women's and men's employment, knowledge ability and scientific activity is processed. The content analysis refers to n=86 as main unit of selected etiquette books and modern career guides. Some of the works are present in single, some in repeated edition. A minimum and maximum text component is the prologue, preface, chapter titles etc. covering the question of erudition, education and profession as well as the sex characteristics.' (author's abstract)