Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Inhalt: Das Ländliche wird vielfach als das Andere zur Stadt konstruiert, mit Entwicklungsrückstand assoziiert oder zum Sehnsuchtsort hochstilisiert. Land_Frauen werden selbst in feministischen Diskursen abgewertet oder ignoriert. Die Dichotomisierung von Stadt und Land, Homogenisierungen und Ideologisierungen von Seiten der Wissenschaft, Politik, Verwaltung und der Medien tragen maßgeblich dazu bei. Mittels der poststrukturalistischen Konzepte der Konstruktion, Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion wird in diesem Essay das Wechselverhältnis von Subjekten und Strukturen in ländlichen Regionen beleuchtet und darüber reflektiert, wie ländliche Sozialforschung und rurale Geschlechterforschung zu einem (selbst-) kritischen Diskurs beitragen können.
Inhalt: The rural is often constructed as the opposite to the urban, associated with lagging behind or idolized as a place of nostalgia. Rural women were - even in feminist discourses - devalued or ignored. These tendencies are intensified by science, politics, administration and the media by ideologizations, the homogenizing of society and the dichotomization of the urban and the rural. Using the post-structural approaches of construction, deconstruction and reconstruction, this essay examines closely the reciprocal relationship between rural subjects and structures. It reflects how rural social research and rural gender studies can contribute to a (self-) critical discourse.
Titelübersetzung:Geschlecht und Terrorismus in städtischen Räumen
Autor/in:
Keenan, Kevin
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 100-114
Inhalt: Theoretical development within gender studies and terrorism studies has occurred along the axes of identity, material and spatial power and inequality, and geography. Gender scholars have been concerned with the transformation of oppressive political structures, with increased inequality and understanding how gender structures limit women’s opportunities, and with the role of separate geo-graphical and social spheres in shaping outcomes. Terrorism scholars have con-ceptualized terror as a political process, the result largely of economic inequality and to some extent, gender structures, and they have articulated a role for urban space in conceptualizing interventionist policy to ameliorate the terrorist threat. This paper traces the development of these theoretical traditions, pointing out the thematic similarities, but also the dissimilar objects of inquiry. A review of the scholarship where gender informs terrorism studies points the way to future development of scholarship around (1) solving the global terrorism problem by further understanding gender structures for both men and women; (2) the role of urban and non-urban spaces as the backdrop for terrorist recruitment and formation processes; and (3) how gender is likely to affect actual survival for gendered urban populations when terrorism occurs.
Schlagwörter:perception; gender studies; gender; Wahrnehmung; Risiko; Gender; risk; Bedrohung; Stadt; USA; woman; town; Geschlechterforschung; Feminismus; terrorism; feminism; threat; Terrorismus; United States of America; urban space; hazards
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
"Leichtere Beschäftigungen": Geschlechterdifferenz als Leitbild der Forstlichen Arbeitswissenschaft
Titelübersetzung:'Lighter work': gender difference as a general principle in Forest Work Science
Autor/in:
Westermayer, Till
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 1, S 124-140
Inhalt: "Die forstliche Arbeitswelt präsentiert sich als Männerdomäne. Das Fach der Forstlichen Arbeitswissenschaft war seit den 1920er Jahren an der Gestaltung der forstlichen Arbeitswelt beteiligt. In einer Inhaltsanalyse 'klassischer' Texte dieser forstwissenschaftlichen Disziplin wird das in mehreren Dimensionen auf Differenz basierende Geschlechterbild rekonstruiert. Demnach werden Frauen und Männer hier fast wie zwei separate 'Arten' behandelt. Differenz wird vor allem durch den Bezug auf körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit und 'geschlechtsspezifische' Fähigkeiten hergestellt. Frauen werden als schutzbedürftig dargestellt. Damit wird die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in männlich besetzte Erwerbsarbeit und weiblich besetzte Familienarbeit für den Mann zur Selbstverständlichkeit. Abschließend fragt der Beitrag, inwiefern diese Differenzsetzung heute noch wirksam ist und worin die Vor- und Nachteile einer Umorientierung in Richtung Diversität als Leitkategorie der (forstlichen) Arbeitswissenschaft liegen könnten." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Forestry presents itself as a male domain. As a discipline, Forest Work Science (Forstliche Arbeitswissenschaft) has helped to shape this sphere of work since the 1920s. Content analysis of 'classic' texts from this sub-discipline of Forest Science allow the dominant gender image to be reconstructed as being based on differences in several dimensions. Women and men are described almost as different 'species'. That difference is in particular constructed in relation to physical ability and 'gender-specific' skills. Women are seen as being in need of protection. All these differences normalize the gendered division of work, assigning men the role of breadwinner and women that of being responsible for family work for the man. The article concludes by asking to what extent this differentiation still exists and wherein lie the advantages and disadvantages of switching from difference to diversity as the dominant mode of thinking in (Forestry) Work Science." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Forstwirtschaft; forestry; Arbeitswelt; world of work; Arbeitswissenschaft; ergonomics; gender; Leitbild; example; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Mann; man; Leistungsfähigkeit; performance; körperliche Arbeit; physical labor; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Wald; forest; Arbeit; labor; Deutschland; Germany; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Diversität; diversity
Politische Repräsentanz von Frauen in der Kommunalpolitik
Titelübersetzung:Women's political representation in local politics
Autor/in:
Wiechmann, Elke; Holtkamp, Lars
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 3 (2011) 3, S 128-137
Inhalt: "In der politikwissenschaftlichen Analyse stehen vor allem die Bundesländer und der Bund im Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit, wenn es um die Repräsentanz von Frauen in der Politik geht. Der kommunalen Ebene wird dagegen eher marginale Bedeutung seitens der Wissenschaft zugemessen. Allerdings ist die kommunale Ebene nicht nur jene, auf der die größte politische Praxisnähe herrscht, sondern hier rekrutieren Politik und Parteien auch ihren Nachwuchs für politische Führungspositionen. Insofern erhält die lokale Ebene eine zentrale Funktion, wenn es um mehr Frauen in der Politik und um Geschlechtergerechtigkeit geht. Zum einen zeigt die hier vorgestellte Studie, wie stark Frauen in deutschen Großstadtparlamenten unterrepräsentiert sind, zum anderen sucht sie nach den Ursachen und arbeitet Maßnahmen zum Abbau der Unterrepräsentanz heraus. Dabei stehen weniger die Frauen im Fokus der Analyse als vielmehr die Parteien und die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "When it comes to women's political representation, it is the state and the national level that are the focal point for political science analysis, while the local level plays a rather marginal role. However, this is the level where politics is closest to the people and where politics and political parties recruit talents for political leadership positions. Thus the local level plays a central role in increasing the number of women in politics and in supporting gender equity. The present study shows the large extent to which women are underrepresented in German city parliaments, analyses the underlying causes and points out ways to improve female representation on the local level. The focus of the analysis is political parties and institutional conditions rather than the women themselves." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Rekrutierung; party; historische Entwicklung; Parlament; Rahmenbedingung; suffrage; parliament; Federal Republic of Germany; large city; Partei; Gemeindeparlament; historical development; Großstadt; quota; Kommunalverwaltung; Wahlrecht; executive position; politische Partizipation; gender; justice; general conditions; woman; political participation; Geschlechterforschung; Gerechtigkeit; Quote; municipal administration; Führungsposition; municipal council; recruitment; local politics; Kommunalpolitik
SSOAR Kategorie:spezielle Ressortpolitik, allgemeine Geschichte, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Kritische Anmerkungen zur These der Gendersymmetrie bei Gewalt in Paarbeziehungen
Titelübersetzung:Critical comments on the thesis of gender symmetry in domestic violence
Autor/in:
Schröttle, Monika
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 2 (2010) 1, S 133-151
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag befasst sich kritisch mit der These der Gendersymmetrie bei Gewalt in Paarbeziehungen und ihrer empirischen, sozialwissenschaftlichen und politischen Relevanz. Er zeigt auf, dass nicht von einer Gleichbetroffenheit beider Geschlechter durch Gewalt in heterosexuellen Paarbeziehungen auszugehen ist, insbesondere wenn Muster, Schweregrade und kontextuelle Bedeutungen von Gewalt einbezogen werden. Gleichwohl wird für eine Entpolarisierung des Diskurses der einseitigen Festlegung von Frauen/ Männern auf Opfer-/ Täterpositionen plädiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The article focuses critically on the thesis of 'gender symmetry' in domestic violence, and discusses its empirical and scientific, as well as political, relevance. Empirical data shows that victimization of men and women through violence in heterosexual couple relationships differs relevantly when patterns and levels of violence, as well as contextual meanings, are taken into account. Despite this, the author argues, that it is necessary to depolarize unbalanced victim-perpetrator discourses that tend to fix women and men in traditional positions." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Geschlechterforschung; gender studies; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Gewalt; violence; Mann; man; woman; Täter; offender; Opfer; victim; gender; Partnerschaft; partnership; Konflikt; conflict; Ehe; marriage; Misshandlung; maltreatment; USA; United States of America; Großbritannien; Great Britain; Federal Republic of Germany; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Diskurs; discourse; häusliche Gewalt; domestic violence; Nordamerika; North America
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, soziale Probleme, Kriminalsoziologie, Rechtssoziologie, Kriminologie