Changing Gender Norms in Islam Between Reason and Revelation
Autor/in:
Bakhshizadeh, Marziyeh
Quelle: Opladen, 2018. 247 S
Inhalt: Women‘s movements in Islamic countries have had a long and arduous journey in their quest for the realization of human rights and genuine equality. The author examines whether discriminatory laws against women do in fact originate from Islam and, ultimately, if there is any interpretation of Islam compatible with gender equality. She investigates women’s rights in Iran since the 1979 Revolution from the perspectives of the main currents of Islamic thought, fundamentalists, reformists, and seculars, using a sociological explanation. The disputes about human reason and its relation to revelation can be traced in various Islamic schools of thought since the eighth century AD. However, the disputes have intensified since the eighteenth century when Muslims faced challenges to their faith and social order, brought about by modernity and enlightenment from the West. There were various reactions within the Islamic world. These reflections produced different interpretations of Islam that can be categorized based on their understanding of how compatible Islamic laws are with a specific time and space; as well as how they define the relationship between human reason and revelation. The three major interpretations of Islam within a spectrum are on the far right fundamentalists, in the middle reformists, and on the far left secularists; each having diverse views on the legitimacy and applicability of all Islamic law in modern times, and consequently having various perspectives on justice and gender equality. Accordingly, the author aims to investigate the different interpretations on Islam to find out which interpretations are compatible with the global norms of justice, and hence in accord to women’s rights and gender equality. In order to analyze the Islamic thought flows through a sociological perspective, a theoretical model is proposed based on theories of sociology of religion (Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann), Structuration theory (Anthony Giddens) and struggles related to universal norms of justice (Nancy Fraser, Axel Honneth, Seyla Benhabib). According to this theoretical model, there is a dialectical relationship between individual and structure. Religion, as a factor of structure, defines a framework of interaction for individual agents in personal and social life. Religion also offers a value and meaning system for human beings. On the other hand, human beings examine the patterns of interaction through 'reflexive monitoring,' and employing human reason and rational explanation. Therefore, human beings do not passively accept all patterns of interaction. In this model of dialectical relationship between individual and structure, justice means providing equal access to political, economic, and cultural resources in society and in the family. On this matter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women provide practical and universal criteria for the protection of human and women's rights, and ensure gender equality in society. Following the theoretical model, the research aims to reconstruct the main interpretations of Islam in three core issues of Islamic law, human reason, and women’s rights considering universal norms of justice.
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Islam; Islam; Menschenrechte; human rights; Diskriminierung; discrimination; religiöse Faktoren; religious factors; Gerechtigkeit; justice; Vernunft; reason; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; woman; Iran; Iran
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Religionssoziologie
Women's Coalitions beyond the Laicism-Islamism Divide in Turkey: Towards an Inclusive Struggle for Gender Equality?
Autor/in:
Çağatay, Selin
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 4, S 48-58
Inhalt: In the 2010s in Turkey, the ruling Justice and Development Party's (AKP) authoritarian-populist turn accompanied the institutionalization of political Islam. As laicism was discredited and labeled as an imposed-from-above principle of Western/Kemalist modernity, the notion of equality ceased to inform the state’s gender policies. In response to AKP's attempts to redefine gender relations through the notions of complementarity and fıtrat (purpose of creation), women across the political spectrum have mobilized for an understanding of gender equality that transcends the laicism - Islamism divide yet maintains secularity as its constitutive principle. Analyzing three recent attempts of women's coalition-building, this article shows that, first, gender equality activists in the 2010s are renegotiating the border between secularity and piety towards more inclusive understandings of gender equality; and second, that struggles against AKP’s gender politics are fragmented due to different configurations of gender equality and secularity that reflect class and ethnic antagonisms in Turkish society. The article thereby argues for the need to move beyond binary approaches to secularism and religion that have so far dominated the scholarly analysis of women’s activism in both Turkey and the Nordic context.
Les quotas: levier ou frein au déroulement des carrières des femmes? Analyse suite à une enquête préliminaire dans le cas de l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche en France dans le domaine de l'informatique
Autor/in:
Favre, Cécile; Tain, Laurence
Quelle: Annals of the University of Bucharest / Political science series, 2018 (2018) 2, S 37-54
Inhalt: This paper presents the preliminary results of a qualitative survey on the implementation of quotas policies, in the context of higher education and research in France, in the field of computer science specifically. Beyond the theoretical controversy over quotas, it is a question of diving into the heart of an environment that we can describe as specific (and of which we will draw some of the specificities), to collect the experience, the words of women, who are computer scientists in the academic environment, in relation to quotas. The main idea is to question the quotas implementation in order to study in which sense these quotas can indeed lead to more professional equality, but also to study the context in which they can slow down this professional equality.
Are times of Europeanisation times of the gender experts? The window of opportunity in the EU accession process in Croatia
Titelübersetzung:Sind Zeiten der Europäisierung Zeiten von Genderexpert_innen? Das window of opportunity im EU-Beitrittsprozess in Kroatien
Autor/in:
Kersten-Pejanic, Roswitha
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 24 (2015) 2, S 28-40
Inhalt: Die EU setzt Standards in unterschiedlichen Fragen der Sozialpolitik, und damit auch auf dem Gebiet der Gleichstellungspolitik. In der Zeitspanne vor dem Beitritt eines Landes zur EU bedeutet die Übernahme der aktuellen EU Standards eines Politikfeldes zunächst einmal die Erfüllung der von der EU vorgegebenen Beitrittsbedingungen. Entsprechend ist diese Vor-Beitrittsphase eine wichtige Zeit der Anpassung und Transformation in Bezug auf politische Vorgaben und Gesetze, und darüber hinaus von politischen Standards und gesellschaftlichen Diskursen. Somit hat gerade diese Phase des EU-Beitritts das Potential, bedeutenden Wandel von Vorstellungen und Meinungsbildern zu begünstigen. Gerade die Gleichstellungspolitik kann als hochgradig umkämpftes Politikfeld gelten, da hier Veränderungen von Traditionen und Lebensentwürfen angeregt werden, die traditionell als persönliche Entscheidungen und private Überzeugungen gelten. In diesem Artikel geht es um einen Aspekt dieses Zusammenspiels von unterschiedlichen Dynamiken der Vor-Beitrittsphase, indem die Möglichkeiten einer aktiven Teilnahme an diesen Prozessen und der Beeinflussung des stattfindenden Wandels durch nationale Genderakteurinnen im Rahmen ihrer Arbeit zur Herstellung von Gleichstellung in Kroatien erörtert wird. Mit Hilfe von Expertinneninterviews mit kroatischen Genderexpertinnen aus Politik und Zivilgesellschaft wird zum einen der Frage nachgegangen, welche Bedeutung die Europäisierung für die Expertinnen als günstiges Zeitfenster zur Stärkung ihrer Bemühungen hat und zum anderen, welchen Einfluss diese Expertinnen wiederum auf den Grad und die konkreten Realisierungen der Europäisierung der Gleichstellungspolitik hatten.
Inhalt: The EU has established dominant models regarding social matters, one of which is gender equality. In the phase prior to the accession of a given country to the EU, adapting the current dominant model of a political field often constitutes a matter of fulfilling the conditions for actually becoming a member state. Hence, the pre-accession period is a high point regarding a country’s transformation in matters of policies and polities as well as dominant models, discourses and standards, and can be a time of substantial change in belief systems. Gender equality makes up for a notably contested field of social politics, as it is often aimed at changing traditions and orders of social life traditionally perceived as personal choices and private convictions. This paper is concerned with one aspect of the interplay of these pre-accession features, namely, the possibility of agency for domestic gender experts pushing for changes in the gender equality order of Croatia. In search of such agency, expert interviews have been conducted with political gender actors and members of feminist organisations in the Croatian civil society. These interviews provide an insight into the experiences of experts on the Europeanisation of Croatian gender equality standards and show some aspects of their specific role in the realisation of the relevant provisions.
Schlagwörter:Europäisierung; Europeanization; EU-Beitritt; joining the European Union; Kroatien; Croatia; Gender; gender; europäische Sozialpolitik; European social policy; Geschlechterpolitik; gender policy; Gleichstellungspolitik; equal opportunity policy; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Transformation; transformation; Frauenbewegung; women's movement; Feminismus; feminism; Empowerment; empowerment; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Europapolitik
Quelle: Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (BBR); Bonn (BBSR-Analysen KOMPAKT, 08/2015), 2015. 24 S
Inhalt: Die Europäische Union (EU) hat sich im Jahr 2000 in der Charta der Grundrechte auf die Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau als Grundwert geeinigt. Durch die Verträge von Lissabon ist die Einhaltung dieser Grundwerte seit 2009 für alle Mitgliedsstaaten verpflichtend. In Deutschland sollte die Geschlechtergleichstellung bereits seit 1949 mit der Verabschiedung des Grundgesetzes - in der DDR seit 1950 mit Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes über die Rechte der Frau - selbstverständlich sein. Alltägliche Erfahrungen weisen jedoch auf offen oder verdeckt fortbestehende Ungleichstellung hin, die mit deutlich unterschiedlichen Lebenschancen und Handlungsspielräumen für Frauen und Männer einhergeht. Insofern ist nach wie vor eine intervenierende und regelnde Gleichstellungspolitik nötig. Dafür bedarf es zunächst differenzierter Informationen über zentrale Lebensbereiche von Männern und Frauen in Deutschland wie in den europäischen Staaten. Solche Informationen zur regionalen Entwicklung der Gleichstellung gab es für Deutschland, mit Vergleichswerten auf der Ebene von Stadt- und Landkreisen, seit dem Berichtsjahr 2008 unter dem Namen Gender-Index. Dieser umfasste 19 Indikatoren aus den Bereichen Ausbildung, Erwerbsleben und Partizipation. Nachdem die Europäische Kommission 2013 einen ländervergleichenden Gender Equality Index vorgestellt hat, erscheint es sinnvoll, den kleinräumig vergleichenden deutschen Gender-Index an das europäische Modell anzupassen. Im Folgenden wird der neue Gender-Index vorgestellt, mit dem großräumig konzipierten Gleichstellungsindex der EU verglichen und in seinen zentralen thematischen Domänen präzisiert. Kleinteiligere Analysen sind nach wie vor im Internetportal Gender-Index einzusehen.
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Gender Mainstreaming; gender mainstreaming; Kreis; district; Stadt; town; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Geschlechterpolitik; gender policy; gender-specific factors; Indikator; indicator; Aggregatdatenanalyse; aggregate data analysis; regionaler Vergleich; regional comparison; Partizipation; participation; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Gesundheit; health; Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Einkommen; income; Federal Republic of Germany; EU; EU; Gender Equality Index; Gleichstellungsindex; Geschlechterdifferenz
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Raumplanung und Regionalforschung
How gender conscious pedagogy in higher education can stimulate actions of social justice in society
Autor/in:
Witt, Ann-Katrin; Cuesta, Marta
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 2 (2014) 1, S 12-23
Inhalt: In order to reflect about methods that can generate social justice and democratization, this article emphasises on practical implementations, connected to gender conscious pedagogy. Gender conscious pedagogy aims at overcoming the myth of objectivity, and by questioning through teaching what is considered as common sense and "normal". This entails acting and reflecting on breakthroughs, for example about an understanding of how gender codes influence everyday instances as well as working life. The collected data is based on narratives from alumni students who were asked to memorise and reflect on their gender studies and particularly about how useful this type of knowledge is in connection with everyday and working life - as politician, lecturer, IT-manager, doctoral student etc. The aim of this article is to focus on how teachers support students to be gender confident and as a consequence of that, becoming gender actors outside the university, in working life. Some central questions are: how are gender issues represented and integrated in the different areas of studies; what can teachers do in order to generate equality in the classroom; in what way and how are students given possibilities of understanding, internalizing and discussing gender issues.
Schlagwörter:Bildung; gender studies; gender; pedagogics; Gleichstellung; education; Arbeitswelt; Demokratie; Gender; social justice; democracy; Geschlechterforschung; Pädagogik; soziale Gerechtigkeit; affirmative action; world of work
SSOAR Kategorie:Makroebene des Bildungswesens, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung