The Effect of Gender and Ethnicity and their Intersection on Work Satisfaction and Earnings in Estonia, 1993-2008
Autor/in:
Hansson, Leeni; Aavik, Kadri
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 4 (2012) 2, S 3-19
Details
Inhalt: "This article examines trends in the labour market position, defined in terms of three dimensions - earnings, perceived job security and overall job satisfaction - among four population groups in Estonia - Estonian men and women and Russian-speaking men and women. We explore how the labour market position of these groups changed between 1993 and 2008. We used data from 1993 and 2008, collected in the population survey Work, Family and Leisure, designed by the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. We carried out a two-step analysis: first, we conducted descriptive analysis to explore changes in the labour market situation of men and women of two ethnic groups in the period of 1993-2008; and second, we used models of multivariate analysis of variances to examine how gender, ethnicity and occupational status as well as the intersection of these variables are related to earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We found that Estonian men have emerged as the most successful group in the labour market, while the labour market position of Russian-speaking women is the most disadvantaged compared to other groups in terms of earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We suggest that these labour market inequalities could be increasing, and that the interaction of gender and ethnicity might become increasingly important in shaping labour market outcomes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Estland; Estonia; Einkommen; income; Arbeitszufriedenheit; work satisfaction; gender-specific factors; Mann; man; woman; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Stellung im Beruf; occupational status; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gefangen in den eigenen Männlichkeitskonstruktionen: Professionsverständnis und berufliche Handlungspraxis männlicher Grundschullehrer
Titelübersetzung:Trapped in their constructions of masculinity: professional identity and professional practice of male primary school teachers
Autor/in:
Baar, Robert
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 3 (2011) 3, S 104-118
Details
Inhalt: "Der Anteil von Männern, die an bundesdeutschen Grundschulen als Lehrer tätig sind, beträgt mittlerweile nur noch rund zwölf Prozent. Nicht zuletzt im Zusammenhang mit dem Diskurs um das Underachievement von Jungen sehen sich diese mit Erwartungen konfrontiert, die ihre Geschlechtszugehörigkeit zum markantesten Merkmal ihrer Person erklären und sie vor einige Entwicklungsaufgaben stellen. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen Studie zum beruflichen Habitus männlicher Grundschullehrer geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, welche Handlungspraxis jene vor diesem Hintergrund ausbilden. Es werden zwei grundsätzlich differente Orientierungsmuster beleuchtet: Die permanente Inszenierung der eigenen Maskulinität steht einer Re- und Dekonstruktion von geschlechterstereotypisierenden Zuschreibungen gegenüber. Die Männlichkeitskonstruktionen der Lehrer scheinen in einem kausalen Zusammenhang mit einer professionellen Handlungspraxis zu stehen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The percentage of men working as teachers at German primary schools has fallen to about twelve percent. Particularly in the context of the current discourse about the underachievement of boys they feel confronted with expectations that declare their sex to be their most striking personal characteristic and require certain developments from them. Based on a qualitative study on the professional attitudes of male primary school teachers, the article analyses the professional practices they develop in this context. Two fundamentally different patterns can be identified: permanently staged masculinity contrasts with a re- and deconstruction of gender stereotypes. There seems to be a causal relationship between the teachers' construction of masculinity and their professional practice." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Lehrer; teacher; Grundschule; primary school; Mann; man; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Diskurs; discourse; Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehung; teacher-pupil relationship; Junge; boy; Bildungswesen; education system; Professionalisierung; professionalization; gender; Berufsfeld; occupational field; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Segregation; segregation; Karriere; career; Handlungsorientierung; action orientation; Interview; interview; Habitus; habits; Reflexivität; reflexivity; Konstruktion; construction
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bildungswesen Primarbereich, Lehrende, Erziehende, Lernende
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Frauen und Männer auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Baden-Württemberg
Autor/in:
Hin, Monika
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2010) 9, S 20-23
Details
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Federal Republic of Germany; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Qualifikation; qualification; Beruf; occupation; Führungsposition; executive position; Berufsfeld; occupational field; Einkommen; income; Mann; man; woman; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Education gender gaps in Pakistan: is the labour market to blame
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza
Quelle: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57 (2009) 4, S 747-84
Details
Inhalt: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two‐stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data - the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002) - are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education‐earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; gender relations; education; Pakistan; vocational education; labor force participation; education behavior; Bildungsverhalten; man; labor market; Bildung; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; Erwerbsbeteiligung; wage difference; Gender; Lohnunterschied; woman; Mann; Geschlechterverhältnis; Berufsbildung; gender-specific factors; Pakistan; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; labour market; education
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Erziehungswissenschaft
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Segregated Labour Markets in the Baltics: What are Prevailing - Similarities or Differences?
Autor/in:
Vöörmann, Rein
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 1 (2009) 1, S 66-80
Details
Inhalt: "This paper focuses on men and women and the gender segregation of jobs in the Baltic countries. Based
on the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian labour force survey data, a look is taken at the employment
structure of men and women by industries and occupations, as well as at the question whether or
not gender segregation in the labour market has been increased after the collapse of the communist
systems in the region under consideration. Empirical data demonstrate that in respect to industrial
gender segregation there is some increase in Estonia and Latvia, but not in Lithuania. Occupational gender
segregation demonstrates more stability in all three Baltic States. Compared to the Western European
countries, the main trend is towards bigger similarities." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Gender; gender; Segregation; segregation; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Baltikum; Baltic States; Estland; Estonia; Lettland; Latvia; Litauen; Lithuania; Beschäftigung; employment; Mann; man; woman; Beschäftigungsentwicklung; employment trend; Berufsstruktur; occupational distribution; postkommunistische Gesellschaft; post-communist society
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Public-private sector segmentation in the labour market in Pakistan
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza; Kingdon, Geeta
Quelle: Journal of Asian Economics, 20 (2009) 1, S 34-39
Details
Inhalt: This study investigates public–private sector wage differentials for male and female waged employees in Pakistan. This is done using latest nationally representative data from the Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2005. We adopt three methodologies to obtain robust estimates of the wage differential and the results reveal that public sector workers enjoy large wage premia. The gross pro-public wage differential is much larger for women than for men. Our findings also show that while private and public sector workers' differing characteristics 'explain' a larger proportion of the private–public wage gap for men, this is not the case for women.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; privater Sektor; private sector; Pakistan; wage difference; öffentlicher Sektor; Lohnunterschied; public sector; Mann; woman; South Asia; Südasien; gender-specific factors; man; Pakistan; labor market; public-private sector; labour market
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und Männern in Baden-Württemberg
Autor/in:
Schmidt, Sabine
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2008) 9, S 24-27
Details
Schlagwörter:academic (female); Akademikerin; Berufsfeld; part-time work; Erwerbstätigkeit; Baden-Württemberg; occupational field; Federal Republic of Germany; Baden-Württemberg; labor force participation; Frauenanteil; man; executive position; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; Arbeitsstatistik; Erwerbsbeteiligung; gainful employment; salary; proportion of women; Gehalt; woman; Mann; Teilzeitarbeit; Führungsposition; labor statistics
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Strukturwandel im Erwerbssystem und soziale Sicherung: Arbeitsschwerpunkte der Abteilung "Geschlechterpolitik im Wohfalhrtsstaat"
Autor/in:
Betzelt, Sigrid
Quelle: ZeS Report, 10 (2005) 1, S 4-9
Details
Schlagwörter:Strukturwandel; structural change; Sozialpolitik; social policy; soziale Sicherung; social security; Mann; man; woman; gender; Wohlfahrtsstaat; welfare state; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Erwerbsform; type of economic activity; Selbständigkeit; autonomy; Gesundheitsversorgung; health care; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:soziale Sicherung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz