Returns to foreign and host country qualifications: evidence from the US on the labour market placement of migrants and the second generation
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Lo Iacono, Sergio
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 142-152
Inhalt: The integration of migrants in the US economic system is a central concern of policy-makers and scholars. A faster and smoother assimilation of valuable human capital would indeed benefit the labour market, increasing its efficiency. To investigate the integration of minorities and migrants in the US labour market, we employ data from the Current Population Survey from June 2016 (the primary source of labour force statistics in the US). We focus on the following ethnic groups: White, Black, Asian, and Other (a combination of Native Americans, Pacific and Mixed). For each ethnicity we consider if respondents are US born, 1st- or 2nd-generation of immigrant descent. Among 1st-generation migrants, we further differentiate between recent (in the country for 10 years or less) and long (in the country for more than 10 years) arrivals, as they are likely to have different levels of social capital and knowledge of the job market. We focus on three very relevant labour market outcomes: being employed, being employed in a public sector job and working in a professional or managerial position. Our results indicate better placement of individuals with tertiary degrees, an effect particularly important among women. Minorities in the public sector have made some important gains in terms of occupational attainment parity with the white majority.
Schlagwörter:Ethnizität; ethnicity; Migrant; migrant; USA; United States of America; Humankapital; human capital; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; privater Sektor; private sector; Minderheit; minority; Qualifikation; qualification; berufliche Integration; occupational integration
Employment and education-occupation mismatches of immigrants and their children in the netherlands: comparisons with the native majority group
Autor/in:
Khoudja, Yassine
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 119-141
Inhalt: This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.
Schlagwörter:Niederlande; Netherlands; Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Integration; integration; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Qualifikationsniveau; level of qualification; Überqualifikation; over qualification; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Humankapital; human capital; Mann; man; woman; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation
Incorporation of immigrants and second generations into the french labour market: changes between generations and the role of human capital and origins
Autor/in:
Brinbaum, Yaël
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 104-118
Inhalt: This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013-2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes -activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification- and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration -duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality- with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
Schlagwörter:Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Minderheit; minority; Frankreich; France; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Humankapital; human capital; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Beschäftigung; employment; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Bildung; education; zweite Generation; second generation; Facharbeiter; skilled worker; Inklusion; inclusion
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Arbeitsmarktforschung, soziale Probleme
Socialization and gendered biographical agency in a multicultural migration context: the life history of a young Moroccan woman in Germany
Autor/in:
Al-Rebholz, Anil
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 15 (2014) 1-2, S 79-96
Inhalt: "In light of the challenges of globalization, hybridization of cultures, and transnational migration movements worldwide, some central deficits of socialization theory have been identified. As a response to these challenges, the necessity of developing 'biographical socialization research' and a 'subject-oriented socialization theory' are underlined. In this paper, the notion of 'biographical agency', embedded in the social and temporal context of biographies, is proposed to overcome shortcomings of the theories of socialization. Drawing on the concepts of biographical knowledge, biographical work and biographical reflexivity, biographical research can show how individuals develop biographical agency and engage in meaningful social actions within their life courses under the conditions of globalization. On the basis of Samira's case, I will point out the kinds of multiple exclusion/ inclusion mechanisms that operate in multicultural societies, mechanisms produced both by majority and minority groups, and how daughters of migrants can acquire biographical resources through their socialization in multicultural contexts to struggle against hierarchical gender norms, conflicting expectations, and restrictive social sites as well as enlarge their sphere of action." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Migration; migration; internationale Wanderung; international migration; Globalisierung; globalization; Transkulturalität; cross-culturality; multikulturelle Gesellschaft; multicultural society; Sozialisation; socialization; Biographie; biography; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Identität; identity; Religiosität; religiousness; Migrant; migrant; zweite Generation; second generation; woman; Muslim; Muslim; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; parent-child relationship; Federal Republic of Germany; biographische Methode; biographical method; Forschungsansatz; research approach; Subjektivierung; subjectivation; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; gender norms; biographical resources; multiple belongings
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Soziologie von Gesamtgesellschaften, Forschungsarten der Sozialforschung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 15 (2014) 1-2, S 11-23
Inhalt: "In this paper we discuss the concept of transnational biographies in migration studies. We use a biographical case study from the relatively new research field of advancement through education to explore that a transnational biography is not just a product of subjectivity but also a way of gaining access to invisible but nonetheless objective structures of transnational migration spaces. Our thesis is that the discovery and use of a transnational European educational space made it possible for second generation migrants in Germany to circumvent the exclusionary mechanisms of the German education system much more effectively than through unconditional assimilation into that system." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Migration; migration; Biographie; biography; Transnationalität; transnationality; Arbeitsmigration; labor migration; Assimilation; assimilation; soziale Integration; social integration; Bildungsverlauf; course of education; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Migrant; migrant; zweite Generation; second generation; Bildungschance; educational opportunity; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Federal Republic of Germany; Migrationsforschung; migration research; Forschungsansatz; research approach
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Bildungs- und Erziehungssoziologie
Negotiating the transnationality of social control: stories of immigrant women in South Florida
Titelübersetzung:Das Verhandeln der Transnationalität sozialer Kontrolle: Geschichten von Einwanderinnen in Südflorida
Autor/in:
Cooper, Robin; Linstroth, J. P.; Chaitin, Julia
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10 (2009) 3, 23 S
Inhalt: Aus historischer Sicht waren junge Frauen Objekte sozialer Kontrolle, und dies oft im Namen töchterlicher Ehre. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit einem bestimmten Phänomen dieser sozialen Kontrolle, wie es von Immigrantinnen der ersten und zweiten Generation aus Kuba und Haiti in Südflorida in den Vereinigten Staaten erlebt wird. Wir nähern uns dieser Thematik durch die Analyse der Lebensgeschichten von sechs Immigrantinnen dieser Länder. Die biografischen Studien dieser Immigrantinnen zeigen, wie soziale Kontrolle im Zusammenhang mit Transnationalismus durch Kontrollprozesse, Verinnerlichung von geschlechtsspezifischen Erwartungen und dominantem Diskurs operiert. Zudem wird dargelegt, wie soziale Kontrolle weiblichen Raum manipuliert und begrenzt und über Räume auf transnationale Weise von den Heimatländern zu den Gastgeberländern agiert.
Das zentrale Ergebnis der Studie ist, dass die Umsiedlung einer Familie in die Vereinigten Staaten, um politische, soziale oder ökonomische Freiheit zu erlangen, nicht zwangsläufig zur Befreiung aus der restriktiven sozialen Kontrolle der jungen Frauen aus solchen Immigrant/innenfamilien führt. Der "Transnationalismus der sozialen Kontrolle" wird daher als die hegemonische Domination von weiblichen Körpern und Verhaltensweisen durch die Mimesis von vergegenständlichten und erinnerten Räumen der Heimatländer in den Gastgebergesellschaften verstanden.
Inhalt: Historically, young women have been the object of social control, often in the name of filial honor. This article addresses a particular phenomenon of such social control as it is experienced by first- and second-generation female immigrants from Cuba and Haiti who are living in South Florida in the United States. This theme is explored by analyzing the life stories of six immigrants from these countries. The biographical stories of immigrant women reveal how social control operates in the context of transnationalism through controlling processes, internalization of gender expectations, and dominating discourse. It is also argued how social control manipulates and restricts female spaces and operates across spaces in a transnational manner from homelands to host nations. The main conclusion of the study is that a family's relocation to the United States for the purpose of political, social, or economic freedom does not necessarily result in liberation from restrictive social control for young women from such immigrant families. The "transnationality of social control" is therefore understood as the hegemonic domination of female bodies and behaviors through the mimesis of reified and remembered spaces of homelands in host societies.
Schlagwörter:Latin America; North America; first generation; erste Generation; Kuba; transnationale Beziehungen; Tochter; Biographie; Central America; Nordamerika; honor; Einwanderung; United States of America; gender; life career; migrant; Haiti; Weiblichkeit; Ehre; femininity; USA; daughter; oppression; woman; Entwicklungsland; Cuba; migration; Caribbean Region; soziale Kontrolle; Lateinamerika; transnational relations; Migration; Unterdrückung; Diskurs; discourse; Migrant; second generation; Haiti; Karibischer Raum; Familie; social control; Mittelamerika; family; Zuwanderung; Lebenslauf; biography; immigration; developing country; zweite Generation; social control; transnational; dominating discourse; controlling processes; women immigrants; honor and shame; transnational; dominanter Diskurs; Kontrollprozesse; Einwanderinnen; Ehre und Schande
Transmission of gender-role values in Turkish-German migrant families: the role of gender, intergenerational and intercultural relations
Titelübersetzung:Transmission von Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen in deutsch-türkischen Familien: die Rolle von Geschlecht, intergenerationalen und interkulturellen Beziehungen
Autor/in:
Idema, Hanna; Phalet, Karen
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 19 (2007) 1, S 71-105
Inhalt: 'In dieser Studie wird untersucht, wie die Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen türkisch-deutscher Jugendlicher sowohl durch intergenerationale als auch interkulturelle Beziehungen geprägt werden. Als Teil einer größeren Befragung von Einwandererfamilien in Deutschland (Nauck 2000) wurden Eltern-Kind-Dyaden gleichen Geschlechts (N=405) getrennt voneinander über ihre Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen, Sozialisationsziele und Erziehungsstile in den Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen, sowie über das Ausmaß von Akkulturation und wahrgenommener Diskriminierung in den interkulturellen Beziehungen befragt. Die Diskrepanz zwischen den Generationen unterschied sich je nach Geschlecht dahingehend, dass bei den Töchtern ein signifikanter Schub in Richtung egalitärer Wertvorstellungen auftrat, während die Söhne so konservativ wie ihre Väter blieben. Um die Annahme egalitärer vs. konservativer Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen durch türkische Heranwachsende zu erklären wurden soziodemographische, intergenerationale und interkulturelle Faktoren als unabhängige Variablen in Kovarianzanalysen einbezogen, wobei die Wertvorstellungen der Heranwachsenden als abhängige Variable angesehen wurde. Wie erwartet waren im höhere Maße akkulturierte Heranwachsende - was durch die Selbsteinschätzung der Kenntnisse in der deutschen Sprache gemessen wurde - egalitärer eingestellt. Darüber hinaus waren die egalitärsten Wertvorstellungen bei denjenigen Töchtern anzutreffen, die Mütter mit höherer Bildung und egalitären Wertvorstellungen hatten. Umgekehrt verstärkten die väterlichen Ziele im Bereich der religiösen Sozialisation und Diskrimierungswahrnehmungen konservative Wertvorstellungen bei den Söhnen. Die Ergebnisse legen ein geschlechtsspezifisches Transmissionsmuster nahe, bei dem die Mutter die unmittelbare Kulturvermittlerin ist, der Vater aber über die normative Bezugnahme auf religiöse Autorität Einfluss ausübt. Am wichtigste ist jedoch, dass angespannte interkulturelle Beziehungen mit konservativen Geschlechterrollenvorstellungen bei den Söhnen der türkischen Migranten assoziiert sind.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'This study investigates how gender-role values of Turkish-German adolescents are shaped by intergenerational as well as intercultural relations. As part of a major survey of migrant families in Germany (Nauck, 2000), Turkish same-sex parent-child dyads (N=405) were each asked separately about their gender-role values, about socialisation goals and styles in parent-child relations, and about degrees of acculturation and perceived discrimination in intercultural relations. Intergenerational discrepancies differed across gender. in that second-generation daughters showed a significant shift towards more egalitarian values, but sons remained as conservative as their fathers. To explain the adoption of egalitarian vs. conservative gender role values by Turkish adolescents, sociodemographic, intergenerational and intercultural factors were entered as independent variables in analyses of covariance with adolescents' values as a dependent variable. As expected, adolescents who are more acculturated, as indicated by self-reported German language proficiency, are more egalitarian. In addition, we find most egalitarian values among daughters of more highly educated and more egalitarian mothers. Conversely, father's religious socialisation goals and the perception of discrimination reinforce conservative values in sons. The findings suggest a gendered transmission pattern, where the mother is the direct cultural transmitter and the father exerts influence through normative reference to religious authority. Most importantly, tense intercultural relations are associated with conservative gender-role values among the sons of Turkish migrants.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:acculturation; discrimination; Staatsangehörigkeit; Wertorientierung; gender role; value change; Diskriminierung; value-orientation; Migrant; Turk; Federal Republic of Germany; Geschlechtsrolle; Jugendlicher; Tochter; social relations; conservatism; son; Konservatismus; second generation; man; Sohn; interkulturelle Faktoren; soziale Beziehungen; egalitarianism; adolescent; migrant; religiöse Sozialisation; Türke; daughter; woman; Wertwandel; Mann; citizenship; religious socialization; Akkulturation; intercultural factors; Egalitarismus; zweite Generation
SSOAR Kategorie:Jugendsoziologie, Soziologie der Kindheit, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Migration
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 19 (2007) 1, S 55-70
Inhalt: 'Dieser Artikel nimmt die Einstellungen zu drei im jungen Erwachsenenalter auftretenden familialen Herausforderungen bei im Lande geborenen Schweden unterschiedlicher Herkunft in den Blick. Wir untersuchten ihre Einstellungen hinsichtlich des Eingehens einer neuen Partnerschaft durch Zusammenwohnen versus Ehe und des Eingehens einer Partnerschaft innerhalb oder außerhalb der eigenen ethnischen Gruppe sowie hinsichtlich der Bevorzugung einer eher traditionellen oder eher egalitären Balance zwischen Arbeit und Familie, wenn die Kinder noch klein sind. Die Einstellungen auf diesen Dimensionen zeigen das Ausmaß auf, in dem die erwachsenen, in Schweden lebenden Kinder polnischer oder türkischer Abstammung entweder die schwedischen Familienform akzeptiert haben oder aber von sich selbst erwarten, dass sie einige familiale Besonderheiten beibehalten werden. Unsere Analyse basiert auf einem 1999 durchgeführten Survey junger Erwachsener in Schweden (Family and Working Life in the 21st Century). Dieses Survey bestand aus 2.326 Teilnehmern im Alter von 22 bis 26 Jahren, von denen 500 mindestens einen Elternteil hatten, der entweder in der Türkei oder in Polen geboren war. Wir konzentrierten uns auf die Faktoren, die die Akzeptanz schwedischer Familienformen erhöhen: Wir betrachteten die Effekte zwei Messinstrumente zur Einwirkung schwedischer Wertvorstellungen durch die Wohnumgebung (Bildungswesen, ethnische Segregation in der Nachbarschaft, eines Messinstrumentes zum Grad der Einwirkung schwedischer Wertvorstellungen während der Kindheit in der eigenen Familie (bikulturelle Ehe der eigenen Eltern) sowie einen Faktor, der von einer Abschwächung der Unterstützung für die familialen Herkunftskultur (Bruch mit der Familienstruktur der Elternfamilie) ausgeht. Wir fanden heraus, dass systematische Unterschiede in den Einstellungen zur Familie in der zweiten Generation aufgrund der jeweiligen ethnischen Herkunft bestehen. Es gibt große Unterschiede zwischen jungen Erwachsenen türkischer und schwedischer Herkunft, wohingegen Schweden polnischer Abstammung den Schweden sehr viel ähnlicher sind. Nicht desto trotz scheinen sich die Einstellungen junger Frauen und Männer sowohl polnischer als auch türkischer Herkunft denen ihrer Altersgenossen schwedischer Herkunft anzunähern, jedenfalls im Vergleich zu den in den ethnischen Gemeinschaften ihrer Eltern. Dies hängt jedoch vom Wohnumfeld und den Familienzusammenhängen, in denen sie in Schweden aufwuchsen, ab.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'This paper focuses on attitudes towards three family challenges of early adulthood among native-born Swedes of differing origins. We examine attitudes towards forming new partnerships through cohabitation versus marriage, partnering within or outside one's national group, and preferring a more traditional versus a more egalitarian balance of work and family when children are young. Attitudes about these dimensions reveal the extent to which the adult children of Polish and Turkish origins living in Sweden have accepted Swedish family forms or expect to retain some forms of family distinctiveness. We base our analysis on a 1999 survey of young adults in Sweden (Family and Working Life in the 21st Century). The survey consisted of 2,326 respondents who were ages 22 and 26, of whom 500 had at least one parent who was born either in Turkey or Poland. We focus on the factors increasing acceptance of Swedish family forms. We consider the effects of two measures of exposure to Swedish values in the community (education, neighborhood ethnic segregation), a measure indicating the extent of exposure to Swedish values in the childhood family (parental intermarriage), and a factor suggesting the weakening of familial support for the culture of origin (disrupted childhood family structure). We find that there are systematic differences in family attitudes among the second generation that reflect their ethnic origins, with sharp differences between young adults of Turkish and Swedish origins. Swedes of Polish origin much more closely resemble those of Swedish origins. Nevertheless, the attitudes of young women and men of both Polish and Turkish origins appear to be approaching those of Swedish-origin young adults, relative to the family patterns in their parents' home communities. This, however, depends on the community and family contexts in which they grew up in Sweden.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Sweden; Pole; junger Erwachsener; Wertorientierung; Swede; Pole; analysis; gender role; value change; value-orientation; Migrant; Turk; Geschlechtsrolle; Schwede; Partnerschaft; second generation; man; ethnic origin; Ehe; marriage; attitude; Schweden; migrant; young adult; Familie; partnership; comparison; Türke; ethnische Herkunft; woman; Wertwandel; sozialer Wandel; Mann; family; social change; Analyse; Vergleich; Einstellung; zweite Generation