Gender-specific patterns and determinants of spillover between work and family: The role of partner support in dual-earner couples
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechtsspezifische Muster und Determinanten von Rollenkonflikten zwischen Arbeit und Familie: Der Einfluss partnerschaftlicher Unterstützung in Zweiverdienerpaaren
Autor/in:
Adams, Ayhan; Golsch, Katrin
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 33 (2021) 1, S 72-97
Details
Inhalt: Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood. Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts. Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship. Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women’s family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners’ support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts. Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; partner support; work-family spillover; gender; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam, release 9.1), wave 6 to 10
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Role Attitudes in Germany, 1982-2016: An Age-Period-Cohort (APC) Analysis
Autor/in:
Lois, Daniel
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 45 (2020) , S 35-63
Details
Inhalt: The present study investigates the change of gender role attitudes in Germany between 1982 and 2016. Nine waves of the German General Social Survey are used (N = 26,389). In contrast to previous trend studies, which largely ignore age effects, a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model (Winship/Harding 2008) is applied. It becomes clear that age, period and cohort independently have an impact on gender role ideology. Compared to earlier research, new insights concerning the shape of cohort effects come to light: Specific to traditional gender ideology in Western Germany, it is apparent that the trend towards increasingly egalitarian attitudes comes to a halt in men born around 1956 and later and in women born 1966. For Eastern Germany we observe that the cohort-specific trend towards liberalisation in younger cohorts either is diminishing or even tends to reverse. This pattern of effects mainly mirrors the phases of the feminist movement in Western Germany and the rise and decline of the German Democratic Republic, respectively.
Schlagwörter:attitude change; alte Bundesländer; cohort analysis; old federal states; Kohortenanalyse; Einstellungsänderung; gender role; Sozialisation; Federal Republic of Germany; socialization; Geschlechtsrolle; neue Bundesländer; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; APC analysis; Identification problem; Sexism; German reunification; ALLBUS/GGSS Cumulation 1980-2014 (ZA4584)
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Der Einfluss der beruflichen Geschlechtersegregation und beruflicher Arbeitszeitarrangements auf Teilzeitarbeit: Gleiche Übergangsbedingungen für Frauen und Männer?
Titelübersetzung:The Influence of Occupational Sex Segregation and Occupational Working Time Arrangements on Part-time Work: Equal Opportunities for Women and Men?
Autor/in:
Althaber, Agnieszka; Leuze, Kathrin
Quelle: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, (2020)
Details
Inhalt: Teilzeitarbeit gilt in Deutschland als ein wichtiges Instrument für die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie. Bisherige Erklärungen von Teilzeitarbeit fokussieren vorrangig auf Frauen und diskutieren individuelle, haushaltsbezogene und institutionelle Faktoren. Männer sowie berufsstrukturelle Einflussfaktoren auf Teilzeitarbeit wurden bislang jedoch kaum adressiert. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir daher die Bedeutung von Berufsmerkmalen für Übergänge von Vollzeit- in Teilzeitbeschäftigung von Frauen und Männern zwischen 1992 und 2015 in Deutschland. Im Fokus steht die Frage, inwiefern die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation und berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements als Rahmenbedingungen den Übergang in Teilzeit erklären können und ob sie geschlechterdifferente Effekte aufweisen. Unsere theoretischen Überlegungen basieren auf Krügers Institutionenansatz und Ackers Ansatz der Gendered Organizations. Für die Analysen werden Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6) mit aggregierten beruflichen Merkmalen, basierend auf dem Mikrozensus, kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse der Cox Proportional Hazard-Modelle zeigen, dass weniger die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation, sondern vor allem berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements Übergänge in Teilzeit beeinflussen, allerdings auf geschlechterdifferenzierte Weise. Während die Vielarbeitsnorm in Berufen, gemessen an Vollzeitarbeit und Überstunden, Teilzeitarbeit für Männer verhindert, gehen Frauen unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit über.
Schlagwörter:Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitszeitnormen; Ereignisdatenanalyse; event history analysis; ideal worker norm; occupations; Nationales Bildungspanel NEPS SC6 SUF 7.0.0; Mikrozensus 1993-2012
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
It's getting late today, please do the laundry: The influence of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor
Autor/in:
Stenpaß, Anna; Kley, Stefanie
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 32 (2020) 2, S 274-306
Details
Inhalt: The study examines the effect of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor in heterosexual couples. A long journey to work can affect other areas of life. Commuters often have lower life satisfaction and their intimate relationships may be impaired by mental stress. When looking at domestic labor the question arises of who is in charge of managing the household and childcare. Do women still adopt the "lion's share of housework" or take over the "second shift" if they spend part of the day on long commutes to work and back home? A long commute is defined as a journey to work of at least 45 minutes, daily or several times a week. We present the results of pooled regression analysis and fixed effects regressions conducted on data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2016. The pooled analysis suggests a moderate association between a woman’s long commute and her partner's engagement in housework and childcare, especially when she commutes daily. Instead of living 'reversed roles', the partners share such tasks. However, when the association between a woman's long commute and her partner's engagement in childcare is estimated exclusively with fixed regression, it remains significant. If the man is a long-distance commuter, most often his partner is solely responsible for all household tasks. Relative labor market position and income distribution within the couples, as well as adherence to gender roles explain the effects of long-distance commuting on labor division.
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Partnerschaft; partnership; Pendler; commuter; Arbeitsweg; way to work; psychische Belastung; psychological stress; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Doing Gender; doing gender; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender ideology; long-distance commuting; job-related spatial mobility; bargaining theory; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (2013, 2015, 2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender differences in the choice of field of study and the relevance of income information: Insights from a field experiment
Autor/in:
Finger, Claudia; Solga, Heike; Ehlert, Martin; Rusconi, Alessandra
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2020) 65, S 1-49
Details
Inhalt: Research consistently reports pronounced earnings differences between men and women, even among the highly educated. This article investigates whether students' responsiveness to information on income returns relates to gender differences in major choices, which might contribute to the persistent gender wage gap. We use field-experimental panel data on students in Berlin (Germany), starting one year before high school graduation. Our intervention comprised information on major-specific returns to college and was provided to students in randomly selected schools. By comparing the major-specific application decisions of "treated" and "untreated" high school seniors, we examine whether, and why, male and female students respond differently to this information. As potential mechanisms behind a gender-specific treatment effect, we analyze the role of gender stereotypes and roles associated with certain job attributes. We find that providing income information on college majors only influences the major choices of male (not female) students with college intention: treated male students on average applied to majors associated with higher mean income. Further analyses suggest that this gender difference in the treatment effect cannot be explained by differential distributions or effects of preferred job attributes.
Schlagwörter:choice of studies; Stereotyp; Berufswahl; decision making criterion; gender role; Einkommensunterschied; Federal Republic of Germany; stereotype; occupational choice; Geschlechtsrolle; difference in income; Entscheidungskriterium; Lohnhöhe; wage level; gender-specific factors; Studienwahl; college major choice; field experiment; gender inequality; information; monetary returns
SSOAR Kategorie:Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Caring, Cooking, Cleaning - repräsentative Zeitverwendungsmuster von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen
Titelübersetzung:Caring, cooking, cleaning - representative time use patterns in two-parent households
Autor/in:
Klünder, Nina; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 9-28
Details
Inhalt: Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Eltern in Paarbeziehungen die Haushaltsbereiche Betreuung, Beköstigung sowie Wohnungs- und Wäschereinigung untereinander aufteilen. Dazu werden drei Paartypen mit unterschiedlichem Erwerbsumfang gebildet: Zweiverdiener-Paare, Paare mit weiblichem Zuverdienst sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Deren Zeitverwendung für die genannten Tätigkeiten wird mithilfe der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungserhebung 2012/2013 und 2001/2002 sekundäranalytisch untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter täglich am wenigsten Zeit für die drei genannten Arbeitsbereiche im Haushalt aufwenden, nicht erwerbstätige Mütter hingegen am meisten. Innerhalb einer Dekade - von 2001/2002 bis 2012/2013 - haben alle untersuchten Mütter ihre Zeitverwendung für hauswirtschaftliche Tätigkeitsfelder reduziert, zeitgleich nehmen sich Eltern 2012/2013 deutlich mehr Zeit für Betreuungsaufgaben. Unabhängig des Erwerbsumfangs der Mutter ist die Arbeit des Alltags nach wie vor, besonders werktags, weiblich konnotiert und somit geschlechtsdifferenzierend aufgeteilt. Nur am Wochenende zeigt sich in Paaren mit erwerbstätiger Mutter bei der Betreuung eine annährend egalitäre Arbeitsteilung.
Inhalt: As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how twoparent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and malebreadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade - from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 - all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother’s labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Elternschaft; parenthood; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Betreuung; care; Hausarbeit; housework; Familienarbeit; family work; Zeitaufwand; time expenditure; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsphase; working life; Mutter; mother; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Relative education, parenthood, and couples' division of paid work: evidence from German census data
Titelübersetzung:Relative Bildung, Elternschaft und Aufteilung der Erwerbsarbeit - Belege aus dem deutschen Mikrozensus
Autor/in:
Buschner, Andrea; Adam, Ursula; Schulz, Florian
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Details
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women's Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
Autor/in:
Frejka, Tomas; Goldscheider, Frances; Lappegård, Trude
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Details
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender role changes and their impacts on Syrian women refugees in Berlin in light of the Syrian crisis
Autor/in:
Habib, Nisren
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Migration und Diversität, Abteilung Migration, Integration, Transnationalisierung, SP VI 2018-101), 2018. 33 S
Details
Inhalt: Gender roles of Syrian women started to shift in 2011, in light of the Syrian conflict. This shift was a response to the difficult situations which Syrian women faced inside Syria as well as in the neighboring countries to which they fled in the attempt to find safer living conditions. However, the uncertain situation and the precarious working and living conditions in Syria and the neighboring countries forced many Syrian women and families to flee to Europe, with the highest number to Germany, facing the challenge of a new culture and new social norms. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate if and how the gender roles of Syrian women who fled to Berlin, Germany, have shifted. Using semi-structured interviews conducted in the period July - December 2016, the study illustrates the challenges and opportunities they face, both as women and as refugees, and in how far these affect their gender roles.
Schlagwörter:Syrien; Syria; Flüchtling; refugee; woman; Integration; integration; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; gender-specific factors; soziale Norm; social norm; politische Partizipation; political participation; Federal Republic of Germany; gender roles changing
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
"Involvierte" Väter zwischen Beruf und Familie: zur Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen
Titelübersetzung:Involved fathers between work and family life: re/production of masculinity in negotiations within couples
Autor/in:
Peukert, Almut
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 90-113
Details
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der in der Männlichkeitsforschung diskutierten These, 'involvierte' Väterlichkeit stehe im Widerspruch zum Leitbild erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag Kontinuitäten und Wandel in der Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit bei Vätern untersucht. Mit dem interaktionstheoretischen Ansatz zu 'un/doing masculinity' liegt der Fokus auf der Her- und Darstellung von Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie der hierarchisierenden Abgrenzung zu Weiblichkeiten und nicht-hegemonialer Männlichkeiten im Paarkontext. Anhand von 27 qualitativen Paar- und Einzelinterviews werden - entlang der Dimensionen Berufs-/Karrierekonzept, finanzielle Versorgung der Familie und Elternzeitarrangement - drei Re/Produktionsformen erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit rekonstruiert und diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen zu Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit fragil, herausgefordert oder episodisch ausgesetzt wird. Dies impliziert, dass auch die Aushandlungen auf der Paarebene zur Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, neben wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmungen und Arbeitsorganisationen, signifikante un/gleichheitsrelevante Folgen haben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Starting from the hypothesis discussed in research on masculinities and fathering that 'involved' fathering is incompatible with hegemonic masculinity, this paper examines continuity and change in interrelating work and family life by German fathers. Within the sociological frame of interaction theory on un/doing masculinity I focused on the production and presentation of gender differences and the hierarchizing demarcation against femininity and non-hegemonic masculinities within the couple. Based on 27 qualitative couples' and individual interviews, three forms of re/production of masculinity were constructed and discussed along the dimensions of vocational/career concepts, financial care of the family, and parental leave arrangements within the couple. The results show that the re/production of masculinities within negotiations of the couples regarding paid and family work are fragile, challenged, or episodically undone. This implies that in addition to welfare state policies and work organizations, the negotiations within the couple about their division of paid and unpaid work have significant consequences for the un/equality between the parents." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Vater; father; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Leitbild; example; Karriere; career; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Federal Republic of Germany; Väterforschung; Hegemoniale Männlichkeit; Aushandlungen; Paar
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz