The Transformative Forces of Migration: Refugees and the Re-Configuration of Migration Societies
Autor/in:
Hamann, Ulrike; Yurdakul, Gökçe
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 1, S 110-114
Inhalt: In this thematic issue, we attempt to show how migrations transform societies at the local and micro level by focusing on how migrants and refugees navigate within different migration regimes. We pay particular attention to the specific formation of the migration regimes that these countries adopt, which structure the conditions of the economic, racialised, gendered, and sexualized violence and exploitation during migration processes. This interactive process of social transformation shapes individual experiences while also being shaped by them. We aim to contribute to the most recent and challenging question of what kind of political and social changes can be observed and how to frame these changes theoretically if we look at local levels while focusing on struggles for recognition, rights, and urban space. We bring in a cross-country comparative perspective, ranging from Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and to Germany in order to lay out similarities and differences in each case, within which our authors analyse these transformative forces of migration.
Schlagwörter:Migration; migration; Flüchtling; refugee; Diskurs; discourse; Staatsangehörigkeit; citizenship; sozialer Konflikt; social conflict; Bürgerrecht; civil rights; soziale Rechte; social rights
The Italian Case and the Challenges of Migration Theories through an Analysis of Female Migration
Autor/in:
Filippi, Silvia; Guarna, Anastasia Rita
Quelle: Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 18 (2018) 4, S 689-708
Inhalt: This article argues that female migratory flows in Italy can be considered as a gender-based method of female empowerment and social mobility of women (both within society and the family structure). In Italy, in the last three decades, the migration flow has changed in terms of magnitude, the subjects involved and the migration methods, making the difference between forced and voluntary migration slippery and confused. In spite of the overwhelming presence of women in migration flows, until recently the general assumption drew the international migrants as young, economically motivated men, totally neglecting the role of women. This article argues that by paying attention to the existing relationship between the women’s social position and migration we can better understand aspects of the process of migration previously neglected. Moreover, this article aims to bridge the gap between the macro analysis (an almost exclusive focus on the structural causes of migration) and the micro dimension (a focus on the migrant as a rational subject). Finally, it aims to underline how deceptively and confused are the no-natural categorises of regular and irregular migrant. In this context, the article analyses the two main entering channels of female migrations in Italy: a specific aspect of the sex industry, namely trafficking for sexual exploitation, and the private care market.
A New Service Class in the Public Sector? The Role of Femonationalism in Unemployment Policies
Autor/in:
Mulinari, Paula
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 4, S 36-47
Inhalt: This article aims to explore the content embedded in the figuration of ‘foreign-born unemployed women’ and how discourses of gender equality are used to create an emerging racialised service class within the Swedish public sector. Influenced by the concept of femonationalism, the article explores how the introduction of the Extra Services unemployment reforms facilitates the creation of a service class whose purpose is to make it possible for the regular workforce to continue to function despite cutbacks and the neoliberal management of professional care work in the public sector. The study identifies a shift in the discourse, where, while migrant women continue to be represented as victims in public discourses concerning unemployment, they are also represented as being lazy and unwilling to work, qualities that legitimate the need for more repressive interventions towards the group, often described as feminist interventions that will rescue migrant women and their children.
Returns to foreign and host country qualifications: evidence from the US on the labour market placement of migrants and the second generation
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Lo Iacono, Sergio
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 142-152
Inhalt: The integration of migrants in the US economic system is a central concern of policy-makers and scholars. A faster and smoother assimilation of valuable human capital would indeed benefit the labour market, increasing its efficiency. To investigate the integration of minorities and migrants in the US labour market, we employ data from the Current Population Survey from June 2016 (the primary source of labour force statistics in the US). We focus on the following ethnic groups: White, Black, Asian, and Other (a combination of Native Americans, Pacific and Mixed). For each ethnicity we consider if respondents are US born, 1st- or 2nd-generation of immigrant descent. Among 1st-generation migrants, we further differentiate between recent (in the country for 10 years or less) and long (in the country for more than 10 years) arrivals, as they are likely to have different levels of social capital and knowledge of the job market. We focus on three very relevant labour market outcomes: being employed, being employed in a public sector job and working in a professional or managerial position. Our results indicate better placement of individuals with tertiary degrees, an effect particularly important among women. Minorities in the public sector have made some important gains in terms of occupational attainment parity with the white majority.
Schlagwörter:Ethnizität; ethnicity; Migrant; migrant; USA; United States of America; Humankapital; human capital; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; privater Sektor; private sector; Minderheit; minority; Qualifikation; qualification; berufliche Integration; occupational integration
"Being beaten like a drum": Gewalt, Humanitarismus und Resilienz von Frauen in Flüchtlingslagern
Titelübersetzung:"Being beaten like a drum": violence, humanitarianism and resilience of women in refugee camps
Autor/in:
Krause, Ulrike; Schmidt, Hannah
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 10 (2018) 2, S 47-62
Inhalt: In diesem Artikel analysieren wir Gewalt gegen, humanitären Schutz für und Bewältigungsstrategien von Frauen in Flüchtlingslagern anhand empirischer Forschung in Uganda. Auf Grundlage unserer Analysen argumentieren wir, dass Frauen in Lagern häufig sexueller und genderbasierter Gewalt ausgesetzt sind, obwohl humanitäre Organisationen Maßnahmen ergreifen, um sie zu unterstützen und zu schützen. Eine kritische Bewertung dieser Maßnahmen zeigt, dass Frauen meist durch Vulnerabilität definiert werden, wodurch ihr Handlungsvermögen vernachlässigt wird. Hingegen belegt die soziale Realität, dass Frauen diverse Strategien ergreifen, um Herausforderungen zu bewältigen und zu ihrem eigenen Schutz beizutragen.
Inhalt: In this article, we explore violence against women as well as their humanitarian protection and coping strategies in refugee camps based on empirical research conducted in Uganda. We argue that women often face sexual and gender-based violence in camps despite the measures humanitarian organizations take to support and protect them. A critical assessment of these measures reveals that women are mostly defined by vulnerabilities, which deprives them of agency. However, in stark contrast to vulnerability ascriptions, social reality shows that women use diverse strategies to cope with the challenges they face and to protect themselves.
Schlagwörter:woman; Flüchtling; refugee; Notunterkunft; emergency shelter; Gewalt; violence; sexueller Missbrauch; sexual abuse; Resilienz; resilience; Flüchtlingsrecht; refugee law; gender-specific factors; Uganda; Uganda; Ostafrika; East Africa; Flüchtlingslager; sexuelle und genderbasierte Gewalt; humanitärer Flüchtlingsschutz; refugee camps; sexual and gender-based violence; humanitarian refugee protection
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Geschlechterbezogene Verfolgung und ihre Beurteilung in Asylverfahren: die Umsetzung von UNHCR- und EU-Richtlinien am Beispiel von Schweden
Titelübersetzung:Decision-making on gender-related persecution in asylum procedures: implementation of UNHCR guidelines and EU Directives in Sweden
Autor/in:
Schittenhelm, Karin
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 10 (2018) 2, S 32-46
Inhalt: Der Beitrag fragt nach dem Umgang mit geschlechterbezogener Verfolgung in Asylverfahren. Die viel diskutierte Frage, inwieweit Lücken der Schutzgewährung durch neue rechtliche Regelungen oder eine gendersensible Umsetzung geltender Bestimmungen zu vermeiden sind, greift er mit einer sozialwissenschaftlichen Analyse auf. Entscheidend ist, wie Rechtsabkommen und Richtlinien, die geschlechterbezogene Verfolgung betreffen, in Asylbehörden zur Anwendung kommen. Mit einer Fallstudie analysiert der Beitrag die Asylbehörde in Schweden, wo bereits früh die UNHCR-Richtlinien zu geschlechterbezogener Verfolgung in die nationale Gesetzgebung überführt wurden. Zudem ist die Behörde dabei, EU-Richtlinien des Flüchtlingsschutzes 'gendersensibel' umzusetzen. Auf der Basis von Dokumenten und qualitativen Interviews wird diskutiert, welche Schritte zur Berücksichtigung von Gender/LGBTI zur Anwendung kommen und wie versucht wird, den Einfluss fragwürdiger Vorstellungen über Schutzsuchende, ihre Herkunftsländer oder ihre Lebensführung zu vermeiden.
Inhalt: The article deals with decision-making on gender-related persecution in asylum procedures. By way of a sociological analysis of the authorities’ practices, it takes up the much-debated question of to what extent gaps in protection can be avoided by way of new legal provisions or the gender-sensitive implementation of applicable provisions. What is crucial is the way in which the asylum authorities implement legal agreements and guidelines on gender-related persecution. By way of a case study, the article analyses Sweden’s asylum authority. Sweden early on integrated the UNHCR’s guidelines on gender-related persecution into its national law. The asylum authority is also currently working on implementing EU Directives for the protection of refugees in a 'gender-sensitive' way. Based on documents and qualitative interviews, the article discusses which steps are being followed to take gender/LGBTI into consideration and what attempts are being made to avoid any dubious ideas about those seeking protection, their country of origin and their way of life having an influence on decisions.
Schlagwörter:Asylverfahren; asylum procedure; gender; sexuelle Orientierung; sexual orientation; Gewalt; violence; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Flüchtling; refugee; Asylrecht; right of asylum; Menschenrechte; human rights; Schweden; Sweden; Geschlechtsspezifische Verfolgung; Flüchtlingsschutz; Gender/LGBTI*
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Employment and education-occupation mismatches of immigrants and their children in the netherlands: comparisons with the native majority group
Autor/in:
Khoudja, Yassine
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 119-141
Inhalt: This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.
Schlagwörter:Niederlande; Netherlands; Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Integration; integration; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Qualifikationsniveau; level of qualification; Überqualifikation; over qualification; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Humankapital; human capital; Mann; man; woman; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation