The Gendered Nature of Security in El Salvador: Challenges for Community-Oriented Policing
Autor/in:
Rojas Ospina, Erika Julieta
Quelle: Journal of Human Security, 15 (2019) 2, S 70-84
Inhalt: With the purge of the Military Forces and the creation of a new National Civilian Police (PNC) as mandated by the 1992 Peace Accords, El Salvador set the stage for the construction of a less state-oriented security approach. However, a failure to question issues of security and a lack of consideration of gender in the Peace negotiations and the Security Reform resulted in an overly gendered understanding of security, were the State remained as its subject and the practice privileged a militarized masculinity that has hindered the implementation of democratic policing. In this context, 25 years after the Peace Accords, the police have been unable to consolidate a democratic policing practice as oppressive policing strategies remain deeply embedded in the institution, side-by-side with heavy-handed measures that use repression to control social violence. From a feminist critical security approach, the article questions the gendered nature of security in El Salvador, and investigates the implication of the introduction of militaries into the work of the police, in terms of its symbolic influence in the gendered expectations of police men and women, and the practical impact it has on their work, e.g., the difficulty of consolidating Community-Oriented Policing. The argument is based on interviews and focus groups with police men and women, as well as with feminist organizations. The information was gathered during fieldwork in 2018 and 2019, and through extensive literature review.
Schlagwörter:El Salvador; El Salvador; menschliche Sicherheit; human security; gender-specific factors; Polizei; police; Mittelamerika; Central America; Community-Oriented Policing
SSOAR Kategorie:Kriminalsoziologie, Rechtssoziologie, Kriminologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Female bodies adrift: violation of the female bodies in becoming a subject in the western media
Autor/in:
Parikka, Tuija
Quelle: Media and Communication, 6 (2018) 2, S 158-167
Inhalt: This article focuses on how the violation of female bodies in the case of mass harassment of women is rendered intelligible by the Western media and the refugees. Violation of female bodies is approached as a site for politicizing possibilities of becoming a subject in the Western media. Informed by Deleuzian notion of "becoming" and the subjectivation of the refugees, I argue that the understanding of "violation" is a central component in contributing to possibilities of becoming affirmed as a subject in the Western media. Empirical material subjected to critical text analysis includes a key text form the Finnish daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat and refugee interviews. The analysis suggests that the repression of irreducible conceptions of "violation", and the subsequent erasure of the uncertainty of a "self" in the process of becoming, yields to offering possibilities of becoming primarily in Western terms and the affirmation of Western ideological certainty in understanding mass harassment of European women by the refugees.
Schlagwörter:westliche Welt; Western world; Medien; media; woman; Körper; body; Subjektivität; subjectivity; sexuelle Belästigung; sexual harassment; Flüchtling; refugee; Rechtsverletzung; violation of the law
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
SSOAR Kategorie:Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Kommunikationswissenschaften, Medieninhalte, Aussagenforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kriminalsoziologie, Rechtssoziologie, Kriminologie
Inference of feminist contemplation's in reduction of women victimization
Autor/in:
Chandrashekar, S.V
Quelle: BEST : International Journal of Humanities , Arts, Medicine and Sciences, 4 (2016) 12, S 63-70
Inhalt: There are many instances of crime especially against women go unreported in India. large number of dark figure crime index reflecting on country’s law and order situation, offences against women like domestic violence, Rape, sexual violence, Women Trafficking, Molestation, Murders, Dowry Deaths, and other violent crimes often impacting on society and they are seriously impacting on social condition. Women victim’s in this particular offences faces many problems throughout the investigation and criminal justice trail processes, law enforcement is more responsible in an investigation. In India some of the offences like Dowry system, child marriages, are still affecting the society; Most of this kind of offence is rarely known to other countries. Feminism in India has been high spot in the recent developments. In India there is need of the active participation of feminism, which will be more gainful in the prevention of Offences against Women. Regarding underscored factors, paper attempts to analyses the inference of Feminist organization, thoughts of feminism, in the reduction of Women Victimization, Rights of female victims and their role in criminal justice.
Schwierige Verhältnisse: Menschenhandelsopfer und Geschlecht in Gerichtsverfahren
Titelübersetzung:Difficult relations: how the gender of victims of trafficking in human beings affect
Autor/in:
Pates, Rebecca; Dölemeyer, Anne; Leser, Julia
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 25 (2016) 1, S 24-38
Inhalt: "Das deutsche Strafrecht unterscheidet Menschenhandel zum Zweck der Arbeitsausbeutung von Menschenhandel zum Zweck der sexuellen Ausbeutung. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass das soziale Objekt 'Opfer von Menschenhandel' trotz geschlechtsneutraler Gesetzgebung in popkulturellen Narrativen aber auch in Praktiken der Rechtsprechung stark vergeschlechtlicht ist. An die Zeuginnen bzw. Zeugen werden geschlechtlich codierte Erwartungen herangetragen. Dies ist nicht einfach in einem Sexismus der RichterInnen begründet, sondern ein struktureller Effekt der Logik von Rechtsprechung und institutioneller Pfadabhängigkeiten. So werden Standardnarrative zum weiblichen, unschuldigen Opfer sexueller Ausbeutung in der Prostitution zum Deutungshorizont in Gerichtsverfahren, an dem die realen Personen, die als Geschädigte aussagen, gemessen werden. Zur Arbeitsausbeutung fehlen dagegen verfestigte Narrative, und die Unterstützung von Betroffenen ist weit weniger institutionell verankert. Fälle von Arbeitsausbeutung werden deutlich seltener angeklagt, und die Betroffenen erscheinen vorrangig als ökonomische Subjekte und häufiger als Mitschuldige. In beiden Fällen resultiert dies in einem Verschwinden von Opfern: Im einen Fall aufgrund der Überdeterminierung, im anderen Fall aufgrund von Unterbestimmung." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "German criminal law distinguishes between trafficking in human beings for the purpose of forced labour and for sexual exploitation. Though the language of the law is gender neutral, our research shows that 'victim of trafficking' as a social object is strongly gendered, both in standardized narratives about trafficking and in juridical practice. Courts and other institutional actors attending to witnesses in such trials work in accordance with strongly gendered expectations, not because of the sexism of individual judges, but due to the structural logic of German legal practice and institutional path dependency. Standardized narratives featuring feminine, innocent victims of sexual exploitation in prostitution structure the expectations of those who hear actual victim statements in trials, and affect how their statements are evaluated. Victims of labour exploitation reach the courts far less, and the victims are framed as economically interested subjects and often as active participants in their victimization. In both cases victims disappear: the one set of victims is over-, the other underdetermined, by expectation." (author's abstract)
Sociodemographic and reproductive factors of female prisoners
Titelübersetzung:Situação socioeconômica e reprodutiva de mulheres presidiárias
Autor/in:
Barros, Maria Aline Rodrigues; Cavalcanti, Sheyla Dayana Coelho; Galiza, Dayze Djanira Furtado de; Machado, Ana Larissa Gomes
Quelle: Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online, 8 (2016) 4, S 4980-4985
Inhalt: Objective: To describe the socioeconomic and reproductive profile of female prisoners. Method: The sample consisted of 47 female inmates of penitentiaries and Teresina peaks. For data collection a form prescribed by the researcher was used. Data were collected from July to August 2013, which were tabulated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: Showed a profile of young, unmarried women, who exercised occupation that required little skill, low education and income. Regarding reproductive health, 42,5% were multiparous, and 40,4% had less than six visits. The abortion rate was high, 42,5%. Conclusion: There was a need to plan educational strategies to prevent injuries to sexual and reproductive health of prisoners, being essential to the development of tactics to break down educational barriers and generate behavior change and promote self-care.
Schlagwörter:Strafgefangener; prisoner; Krankenpflege; nursing; Reproduktion; reproduction; Gesundheit; health; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; woman; Sexualität; sexuality; Körperverletzung; assault; Selbstversorgung; economic self-sufficiency; Verhalten; behavior; Brasilien; Brazil; Lateinamerika; Latin America; Südamerika; South America
SSOAR Kategorie:Medizinsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kriminalsoziologie, Rechtssoziologie, Kriminologie
Schwierige Verhältnisse: Menschenhandelsopfer und Geschlecht in Gerichtsverfahren
Titelübersetzung:Difficult relations: how the gender of victims of trafficking in human beings affect
Autor/in:
Pates, Rebecca; Dölemeyer, Anne; Leser, Julia
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 25 (2016) 1, S 24-38
Inhalt: "Das deutsche Strafrecht unterscheidet Menschenhandel zum Zweck der Arbeitsausbeutung von Menschenhandel zum Zweck der sexuellen Ausbeutung. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass das soziale Objekt 'Opfer von Menschenhandel' trotz geschlechtsneutraler Gesetzgebung in popkulturellen Narrativen aber auch in Praktiken der Rechtsprechung stark vergeschlechtlicht ist. An die Zeuginnen bzw. Zeugen werden geschlechtlich codierte Erwartungen herangetragen. Dies ist nicht einfach in einem Sexismus der RichterInnen begründet, sondern ein struktureller Effekt der Logik von Rechtsprechung und institutioneller Pfadabhängigkeiten. So werden Standardnarrative zum weiblichen, unschuldigen Opfer sexueller Ausbeutung in der Prostitution zum Deutungshorizont in Gerichtsverfahren, an dem die realen Personen, die als Geschädigte aussagen, gemessen werden. Zur Arbeitsausbeutung fehlen dagegen verfestigte Narrative, und die Unterstützung von Betroffenen ist weit weniger institutionell verankert. Fälle von Arbeitsausbeutung werden deutlich seltener angeklagt, und die Betroffenen erscheinen vorrangig als ökonomische Subjekte und häufiger als Mitschuldige. In beiden Fällen resultiert dies in einem Verschwinden von Opfern: Im einen Fall aufgrund der Überdeterminierung, im anderen Fall aufgrund von Unterbestimmung." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "German criminal law distinguishes between trafficking in human beings for the purpose of forced labour and for sexual exploitation. Though the language of the law is gender neutral, our research shows that 'victim of trafficking' as a social object is strongly gendered, both in standardized narratives about trafficking and in juridical practice. Courts and other institutional actors attending to witnesses in such trials work in accordance with strongly gendered expectations, not because of the sexism of individual judges, but due to the structural logic of German legal practice and institutional path dependency. Standardized narratives featuring feminine, innocent victims of sexual exploitation in prostitution structure the expectations of those who hear actual victim statements in trials, and affect how their statements are evaluated. Victims of labour exploitation reach the courts far less, and the victims are framed as economically interested subjects and often as active participants in their victimization. In both cases victims disappear: the one set of victims is over-, the other underdetermined, by expectation." (author's abstract)
"Honour" killings in Europe as an effect of migration process: perspective for Poland
Autor/in:
Sadowa, Katarzyna
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 58, S 83-90
Inhalt: In this paper the author analyses the phenomenon of so-called honour killings as an actual problem of European countries. The author shows that the issue is present in Europe as the result of immigration process and simultaneity is far from resolving. Moreover, while there is a great risk of its' increase, the proper combating measures are needed. As the author comes from Poland, the main aim of the publication is to stress that the problem of "honour" killings and wider - "honour" based violence is a growing threat to this country. Therefore, adequate strategy preventing the issue should be prepare now. Firstly, the author shortly characterizes the issue by providing proper definition and demonstrates its scale. The of the actual problem of "honour" killings in Europe is described especially by analysing the causal link between the immigration process and honour based violence. The second part of the publication contains the analysis of United Kingdom's strategy for fighting against "honour" based acts and its evaluation as an example of well-developed preventing measures. Finally, the author examines the recent Polish cases of "honour" killings and shows the risk of their growing impact on Polish society and law that justifies taking immediate steps (creating adequate strategy) to deter the increase of the problem.
Trafficking of women in Mexico and their health risk: issues and problems
Autor/in:
Acharya, Arun Kumar
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 3 (2015) 1, S 103-112
Inhalt: Trafficking in women is one of the most corrosive forms of human rights violation. It results in the gradual destruction of a woman's personal identity and her right to live as a free human. The victim is subjected to violence, humiliation and violation of her personal integrity, which may result in life threatening diseases like HIV/AIDS, STDs or lifelong trauma, drug addiction or personality disintegration. It can also be seen as denial of the right to liberty and security of the person, and the right to freedom from torture, violence, cruelty or degrading treatment. Over the last few decades, international trafficking of women has been given more attention by researchers. However at present internal trafficking is drawing more attention and concern from researchers. The complexity of obtaining visas and strict patrolling on international borders has caused a boom of internal trafficking around the world. Thus, the current paper aims to investigate trafficking of women for sexual exploitation including the recruitment process, methods of trafficking and working conditions of the victims; as well as to explore the determinants of sexual violence and its impact on the health of trafficked women in Monterrey, Mexico. For the present study a total of 60 women were interviewed using a snowball method between 2007 and 2013.
Inhalt: Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird mithilfe von zwei deutschlandweit repräsentativen Dunkelfeldstudien ermittelt, inwiefern sich die Prävalenz häuslicher Gewalt gegen Frauen in Deutschland zwischen 1992 und 2011 verändert hat. Diese Angaben werden durch Daten zum individuellen Anzeigeverhalten ergänzt. Aus den Befunden lässt sich ein unmittelbarer Handlungsbedarf in Hinblick auf verstärkte Informationskampagnen zu den bestehenden Schutzmöglichkeiten vor häuslicher Gewalt ableiten. (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: Based on two representative victim surveys, the present article aims at clarifying how the prevalence of domestic violence against women in Germany has changed from 1992 to 2011. The results are complemented by data on domestic violence that were reported to the police. These findings are discussed with respect to practical implications. (author's abstract)