Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children? Experimental evidence from Germany
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2019) , S 1-28
Details
Inhalt: Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Familienpolitik; family policy; Elternschaft; parenthood; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Vaterschaft; fatherhood; gender-specific factors; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; Stellenbesetzung; staffing; field experiment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Details
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Against the Grain? Assessing Graduate Labour Market Trends in Germany Through a Task-Based Indicator of Graduate Jobs
Autor/in:
Henseke, Golo
Quelle: Social Indicators Research, 141 (2019) 2, S 809-840
Details
Inhalt: Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job. The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9% and from 13.3 to 22.5% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market. The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28% among young men. Among young female graduates, the incidence of underemployment fell to 22% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment. A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women. The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Akademikerberuf; academic career; Qualifikationsanforderungen; qualification requirements; Indikator; indicator; Arbeitskräftenachfrage; labor demand; Absolvent; graduate; university; gender-specific factors; Unterbeschäftigung; underemployment; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; graduate jobs; wage dispersion; BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey (1998/1999, 2005/2006 and 2011/2012); National Educational Panel Study (NEPS); German sample of the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1999-2013
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender discrimination in hiring across occupations: a nationally-representative vignette study
Autor/in:
Kübler, Dorothea; Schmid, Julia; Stüber, Robert
Quelle: Labour Economics, (2018) 55, S 215-229
Details
Inhalt: We investigate gender discrimination in a nationally-representative sample of German firms using a factorial survey design. Short CVs of fictitious applicants for apprenticeship positions are presented to human resource managers who are asked to evaluate the applicants. Women are evaluated worse than men on average, controlling for all attributes of the CV. This measure of discrimination is robust to differences in the variance of unobservable productivity characteristics ("Heckman critique"). Discrimination against women varies across industries and occupations. Controlling for all occupation- and firm-related variables that we observe, only the share of women in an occupation correlates with discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Berufsgruppe; occupational group; Männerberuf; male profession; Personaleinstellung; hiring; Ausbildungsplatz; traineeship; Diskriminierung; discrimination; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany; hiring decisions; vignette study
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry: a comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany
Autor/in:
Kosyakova, Yuliya; Saar, Ellu; Dämmrich, Johanna
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (2017) 2, S 17-40
Details
Inhalt: Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; institutional change; Übergangsgesellschaft; Russland; Estland; Federal Republic of Germany; post-communist society; Russia; transitional society; institutioneller Wandel; comparative research; deprivation; vergleichende Forschung; inequality; employment office; labor market; Estonia; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; Arbeitsamt; Benachteiligung; postkommunistische Gesellschaft; Geschlechterverhältnis; Ungleichheit; Gender inequality; job authority; labour market entry
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Soziologie von Gesamtgesellschaften
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Wo schaffen es Frauen an die Spitze? Eine empirische Analyse mit Betriebsdaten
Titelübersetzung:Where do women reach top positions? An empirical analysis with establishment data
Autor/in:
Ellguth, Peter; Kohaut, Susanne; Möller, Iris
Quelle: Industrielle Beziehungen : Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management, 24 (2017) 2, S 196-217
Details
Inhalt: Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche betrieblichen Faktoren die Präsenz von Frauen in Führungspositionen beeinflussen. Hierbei interessiert uns auch die Rolle des Betriebsrats. Für unsere multivariate Analyse nutzen wir das IAB-Betriebspanel 2014 und verwenden Zähldatenmodelle mit der Anzahl Frauen im Führungsteam als abhängiger Variablen. Wir schätzen sowohl Modelle für die erste als auch für die zweite Führungsebene. Für die erste Führungsebene lassen sich Hinweise auf die in der Literatur beschriebenen Barrieren finden, die als gläserne Klippen und Böden bzw. Etagen, auf denen Frauen kleben bleiben, umschrieben werden. Insgesamt vermitteln die Ergebnisse aber vor allem den Eindruck, dass Frauen in "unattraktiven" Betrieben eher in Führungspositionen zu finden sind.
Schlagwörter:woman; Führungsposition; executive position; Vorstand; board of directors; Management; management; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Mobilitätsbarriere; mobility barrier; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Organisationskultur; organizational culture; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women’s drop-out to part-time jobs: a comparative analysis of Germany and the UK
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2016) 46 (B), S 129-140
Details
Inhalt: This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the ‘Understanding Society’ data for the UK.
Schlagwörter:alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Arbeitsteilung; old federal states; part-time work; Haushaltseinkommen; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; Großbritannien; Teilzeitarbeit; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; Great Britain; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; Ungleichheit; inequality; cross-national comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit während des Bezugs von Elterngeld
Titelübersetzung:Part-time employment while receiving parental leave benefits
Autor/in:
Schreyer, Jessica
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 1, S 53-77
Details
Inhalt: "Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf Basis der Daten der ifb-Berufsrückkehrstudie untersucht, welche Mütter noch während des Bezugs von Elterngeld eine Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit aufnehmen und was ihre Gründe hierfür sind. Hypothesen hierzu beziehen sich auf die Vermeidung negativer Konsequenzen für die berufliche Entwicklung und thematisieren das Streben nach Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie. Ein früher Wiedereinstieg ist signifikant häufiger mit der Rückkehr auf den alten Arbeitsplatz beim vorherigen Arbeitgeber verbunden und ist vor allem hinsichtlich der Vermeidung beruflicher Nachteile durch eine Erwerbsunterbrechung von Bedeutung. Außerdem arbeiten Selbstständige nach der Geburt ihres Kindes signifikant häufiger im Rahmen einer Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit noch während des Elterngeldbezugs. Zum einen erfordert der im Vergleich zu Beschäftigten weniger abgesicherte Erwerbsstatus eine schnelle Wiederaufnahme der Erwerbstätigkeit. Zum anderen ermöglichen flexiblere Arbeitszeiten, häufig in reduziertem Umfang, die Vereinbarkeit beruflicher und familialer Anforderungen. In den Daten lassen sich Hinweise für die Opportunitätskostenhypothese, die Bedeutung beruflicher Zwänge sowie für die Hypothese zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie finden. Die Gründe für eine Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit während des Bezugs von Elterngeld sind demnach vielschichtig." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Based on data collected in the 'ifb-Berufsrückkehrstudie', I examine what characteristics mothers have that take on part-time work while still receiving parental leave benefits as well as their reasons for doing so. Hypotheses for explaining this behavior refer to the avoidance of negative consequences for mothers' careers and their aspirations for reconciling work and family. An early return to work is significantly more often interconnected with the reappointment to the previous workplace which, in turn, is meaningful for the avoidance of negative consequences for their careers. Moreover, self-employed women significantly more often resume part-time work after child birth during the period of the provision of parental leave benefits. On one hand, in comparison to employed women, self-employed women's employment is less secure and thus requires an early return to work. On the other hand, the former's flexible work schedule and the often reduced work hours allow them to reconcile work and family tasks. The data hint to evidence for the opportunity cost hypothesis, for the importance of professional constraints and also for the family-work reconciliation hypothesis. In sum, the reasons of part-time employment while receiving parental leave benefits are multifaceted." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Leistungsbezug; receipt of benefits; Elterngeld; family allowance; Mutterschaftsurlaub; maternity leave; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; berufliche Reintegration; occupational reintegration; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsverlauf; employment history; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsverhalten; employment behavior; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:soziale Sicherung, Arbeitsmarktforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Deutlicher Beschäftigungsaufbau im Gesundheitswesen
Autor/in:
Knödler, Reinhard
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2013) 12, S 14-17
Details
Schlagwörter:regionaler Vergleich; regional comparison; Gesundheitswesen; health care delivery system; Beschäftigung; employment; Arbeitsplatz; job; Dienstleistung; service; Federal Republic of Germany; Pflege; caregiving; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; geringfügige Beschäftigung; minimal employment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Gesundheitspolitik
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Branchenspezifische Verdienstunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen
Autor/in:
Pristl, Karl
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2012) 9, S 24-29
Details
Schlagwörter:Mann; man; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Beschäftigungssituation; employment situation; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Unternehmensgröße; size of enterprise; Einkommen; income; Wirtschaftszweig; branch of the economy; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz