Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children? Experimental evidence from Germany
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2019) , S 1-28
Inhalt: Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Familienpolitik; family policy; Elternschaft; parenthood; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Vaterschaft; fatherhood; gender-specific factors; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; Stellenbesetzung; staffing; field experiment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gender discrimination in hiring across occupations: a nationally-representative vignette study
Autor/in:
Kübler, Dorothea; Schmid, Julia; Stüber, Robert
Quelle: Labour Economics, (2018) 55, S 215-229
Inhalt: We investigate gender discrimination in a nationally-representative sample of German firms using a factorial survey design. Short CVs of fictitious applicants for apprenticeship positions are presented to human resource managers who are asked to evaluate the applicants. Women are evaluated worse than men on average, controlling for all attributes of the CV. This measure of discrimination is robust to differences in the variance of unobservable productivity characteristics ("Heckman critique"). Discrimination against women varies across industries and occupations. Controlling for all occupation- and firm-related variables that we observe, only the share of women in an occupation correlates with discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Berufsgruppe; occupational group; Männerberuf; male profession; Personaleinstellung; hiring; Ausbildungsplatz; traineeship; Diskriminierung; discrimination; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany; hiring decisions; vignette study
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry: a comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany
Autor/in:
Kosyakova, Yuliya; Saar, Ellu; Dämmrich, Johanna
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (2017) 2, S 17-40
Inhalt: Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities.
Quelle: Industrielle Beziehungen : Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management, 24 (2017) 2, S 196-217
Inhalt: Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche betrieblichen Faktoren die Präsenz von Frauen in Führungspositionen beeinflussen. Hierbei interessiert uns auch die Rolle des Betriebsrats. Für unsere multivariate Analyse nutzen wir das IAB-Betriebspanel 2014 und verwenden Zähldatenmodelle mit der Anzahl Frauen im Führungsteam als abhängiger Variablen. Wir schätzen sowohl Modelle für die erste als auch für die zweite Führungsebene. Für die erste Führungsebene lassen sich Hinweise auf die in der Literatur beschriebenen Barrieren finden, die als gläserne Klippen und Böden bzw. Etagen, auf denen Frauen kleben bleiben, umschrieben werden. Insgesamt vermitteln die Ergebnisse aber vor allem den Eindruck, dass Frauen in "unattraktiven" Betrieben eher in Führungspositionen zu finden sind.
Schlagwörter:woman; Führungsposition; executive position; Vorstand; board of directors; Management; management; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; beruflicher Aufstieg; career advancement; Mobilitätsbarriere; mobility barrier; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Organisationskultur; organizational culture; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women’s drop-out to part-time jobs: a comparative analysis of Germany and the UK
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2016) 46 (B), S 129-140
Inhalt: This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the ‘Understanding Society’ data for the UK.
Schlagwörter:alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Arbeitsteilung; old federal states; part-time work; Haushaltseinkommen; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; Großbritannien; Teilzeitarbeit; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; Great Britain; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; Ungleichheit; inequality; cross-national comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Branchenspezifische Verdienstunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen
Autor/in:
Pristl, Karl
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2012) 9, S 24-29
Schlagwörter:Mann; man; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Beschäftigungssituation; employment situation; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Unternehmensgröße; size of enterprise; Einkommen; income; Wirtschaftszweig; branch of the economy; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Arbeitsmarktforschung
Quelle: Sozialwissenschaftlicher Fachinformationsdienst soFid, (2010) Familienforschung 2010/1, S 9-16
Inhalt: "Paare, die sich Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit partnerschaftlich teilen, müssen hohen persönlichen Einsatz bringen. Doch das anspruchsvolle Lebensmodell lohnt sich: für die Paare selbst, für ihr Umfeld und für die Gesellschaft." (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:desire for children; family work; Erwerbsarbeit; Arbeitsteilung; Kinderwunsch; Familienarbeit; division of labor; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Federal Republic of Germany; Karriere; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; gainful work; career
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie