Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften in Deutschland: Verbreitung, Entwicklung und soziale Unterschiede
Autor/in:
Lengerer, Andrea; Bohr, Jeanette
Quelle: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren, (2019) 62, S 7-12
Inhalt: Gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften werden zunehmend sichtbar gelebt, gesellschaftlich
akzeptiert und rechtlich anerkannt. Empirisch wird diese zahlenmäßig sehr kleine Gruppe bislang allerdings nur selten betrachtet. Der Mikrozensus bietet aufgrund seiner hohen Fallzahlen die Möglichkeit, gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften im gemeinsamen Haushalt zu identifizieren. Auf Basis dieser Daten wird im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht, wie verbreitet die gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerwahl in Deutschland ist, wie sie sich seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre entwickelt hat und ob es soziale Unterschiede zwischen Personen in gleichgeschlechtlichen und verschiedengeschlechtlichen Partnerschaften gibt.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaft; same-sex cohabitation; Lebensweise; way of life; gender-specific factors; regionaler Unterschied; regional difference; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Italy; fertility; reproductive behavior; number of children; gender role; Migrant; Italien; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Geschlechtsrolle; Gleichberechtigung; country of origin; family size; Kinderzahl; Fruchtbarkeit; Tradition; Familiengröße; generatives Verhalten; Norm; migrant; Herkunftsland; standard; equality of rights; socioeconomic factors; woman; tradition; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Trends and Levels of Female Literacy in Belagavi District
Autor/in:
Manjunatha, N. K.; Hurakadli, S. M.
Quelle: International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 1 (2017) 5, S 1003-1009
Inhalt: Women education plays a very important role in the overall growth of the country. It does not only help in the development of half of the human capital but also improves the standard of living. The progress of the nation or region is shown by the level of education and literacy of its population. Education, particularly among women has been considered as one of the major aspects for socio-economic development of the people of a region. Belagavi district is among the rapidly developing districts in Karnataka with respect to socio-economic and agricultural development. According to 2011 census, average literacy rate of Belagavi district (73.48%) is lower than the average literacy rate of Karnataka state (75.60%).(Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2011) This can be attributed to greater regional disparities throughout Belagavi district in literacy. In this paper, we present Provisional Population Totals of census 2001 and 2011 and examine the extent of literacy disparities at the taluk level. Here, we found that literacy rate in the study area was 64.21 % in 2001 which has increased to 73.48% in 2011. We also found that the urban literacy (85.56%) is significantly greater than the rural literacy (69.28%) which is concurrent to the wider gender disparities from the rural to the urban population.
Schlagwörter:Female Literacy; Disparity; Population; Frequency distribution
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Life scripts and life realities: women in nineteenth-century Nijmegen
Titelübersetzung:Lebensskript und Lebenswirklichkeit: Frauen im Nimwegen des 19. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Engelen, Theo
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 104-112
Inhalt: "On average, more than one fifth of the 19th century Nijmegen brides were pregnant at the date of marriage. In a society where extramarital sexuality was explicitly forbidden, and where the success of marriage restriction depended on following that rule, this finding is remarkable. Obviously, the cultural life script that allowed sexuality only within marriage was not a script all inhabitants lived up to. A remarkable secondary finding is that the protestant population had a much higher proportion of bridal pregnancies than the Roman Catholic population, although both the Protestant and the Roman Catholic clergy strongly opposed sexual activities, unless within marriage. Therefore, when bridal pregnancy among Protestant couples was twice as high as among Catholics, this points either at a stricter control by the Catholic clergy, or at more deviance among Protestant youngsters. In any case, when studying cultural life scripts on sexuality, it is always important to note that it can be countered by human agency." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Netherlands; 19. Jahrhundert; Protestant; Ehe; cultural factors; marriage; Roman Catholic; Katholik; Schwangerschaft; kulturelle Faktoren; sexuality; pregnancy; Protestant; Sexualität; woman; Lebensbedingungen; living conditions; nineteenth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; bridal pregnancy; extramarital sexuality
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
Feminist perspectives on motherhood and reproduction
Titelübersetzung:Feministische Perspektiven zu Mutterschaft und Reproduktion
Autor/in:
Neyer, Gerda; Bernardi, Laura
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 36 (2011) 2, S 162-176
Inhalt: "Motherhood and reproduction have been at the core of the feminist discourse about women's rights ever since its onset. For the first and second feminist movements, the right to abortion and the public recognition of motherhood have been main issues in the discourse on reproduction. Since the last two decades of the 20th century, the potentials of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have opened up new venues of feminist discourse. In this paper the authors sketch the main feminist lines of argumentation regarding motherhood and reproduction since the 1970s, and they identify specific shifts in their recurrent issues. They argue that an essential contribution of feminism to the understanding of motherhood as a structuring category has been its insistence on the distinction between biological and social motherhood. Feminist discourse shows how ART has further decomposed biological motherhood and has altered the meaning of motherhood and reproduction. Feminist analysis maintains that despite the rhetoric of choice surrounding ART, these technologies have not increased women's reproductive freedom. The decomposition of biological motherhood, the medical, legal, and commercial development of reproduction, and the change in the social perception of motherhood have rather established new forms of control over female reproduction." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Mutterschaft; motherhood; Frauenbewegung; women's movement; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Reproduktionsmedizin; reproductive medicine; Reproduktion; reproduction; Technologie; technology; Feminismus; feminism; Diskurs; discourse; künstliche Befruchtung; artificial insemination; soziale Wahrnehmung; social perception; Familienplanung; family planning; Genetik; genetics; Kinderzahl; number of children; Ambivalenz; ambivalence
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Technikfolgenabschätzung, Bevölkerung
Umbrüche und Kontinuitäten: ostdeutsche Lebensverläufe im Vereinigungsprozess
Autor/in:
Solga, Heike; Mayer, Karl Ulrich
Quelle: WZB-Mitteilungen, (2010) 129, S 41-44
Inhalt: "Ostdeutsche Lebensverläufe und Erwerbsbiografien nach 1989 sind in unterschiedlichem Maße
von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität geprägt, je nach Geburtskohorte, Geschlecht, (partei-)politischer Nähe zum DDR-System. Die Zwischenbilanz dieses Beitrags in Form von vier Thesen zeigt unter anderem, dass Loyalität zum DDR-System für die Lebens- und Erwerbsverläufe von Ostdeutschen nach der Wende nicht per se zum Hindernis wurde: Ehemaligen Kadern der Nomenklatura sicherte ihre meist hohe Bildung oft zumindest qualifizierte Positionen. Auch ihr Risiko, arbeitslos zu werden, war nicht höher als das der anderen Ostdeutschen." [Autorenreferat]
Inhalt: "The life courses and employment histories of East Germans have changed since the fall of the Wall
in 1989. Summarizing the research findings in four theses, the authors show that the degree of stability and discontinuity in the life courses of East Germans varies between birth cohorts, gender, and the overt political loyalty to the GDR. Among other things, we see that loyalty to the GDR did not increase the risks of unemployment or downward mobility after 1989, because the majority of the former members of the upper service class hold university degrees." [author's abstract]
Schlagwörter:Führungskraft; consequences; German Democratic Republic (GDR); politische Einstellung; Federal Republic of Germany; reunification; neue Bundesländer; Kontinuität; political attitude; Folgen; continuity; New Federal States; Bildungsniveau; unemployment; Kader; Wiedervereinigung; employment history; cadre; life career; executive; Erwerbsverlauf; Arbeitslosigkeit; DDR; level of education; gender-specific factors; Lebenslauf
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Lebenssituation von Frauen der älteren Generation in Baden-Württemberg
Autor/in:
Hin, Monika
Quelle: Statistisches Monatsheft Baden-Württemberg, (2007) 6, S 18-20
Schlagwörter:Lebenssituation; life situation; woman; Baden-Württemberg; Baden-Württemberg; Federal Republic of Germany; alter Mensch; elderly; Pflegebedürftigkeit; need for care; finanzielle Situation; financial situation; Heim; institutional home; Alleinstehender; single
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie