Gender construction in sports, family habitus and "gender regime"
Autor/in:
Mennesson, Christine; Forté, Lucie
Quelle: Society Register, 2 (2018) 1, S 99-112
Inhalt: This article is based on data collected during a qualitative survey on children's leisure practices and family socialisation patterns. The paper focuses more specifically on the cross effects of gender and social class on the construction of body hexis and relationship to sports. The results show that several dimensions of family habitus must be taken into account: lifestyles, way in which parents divide the tasks of raising children and relationship they have with social competition or gender norms. Moreover, taking these different dimensions into account must be accompanied by an analysis of the concrete modes of socialization within the family and the practice context.
Schlagwörter:Sozialisation; socialization; gender; Kind; sports; child; soziale Klasse; social class; Sport; body hexis; relationship to sport; gender
SSOAR Kategorie:Jugendsoziologie, Soziologie der Kindheit, Freizeitforschung, Freizeitsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gender equality predicts leisure-time physical activity: benefits for both sexes across 34 countries
Autor/in:
Balish, Shea M.; Deanner, Robert O; Blanchard, Chris; Rainham, Daniel; Rathwell, Scott
Quelle: Cogent Psychology, 3 (2016) , 7 S
Inhalt: Although countries’ gender equality is associated with important health outcomes, especially for females, it remains unclear whether gender equality is associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Data from 34 countries was acquired from the International Social Survey Program, the Pew Research Forum, the United Nations, and the World Bank. Separate analyses were conducted for 21,502 males and 26,652 females. Hierarchal nonlinear Bernoulli modeling was used to examine the association between gender equality and participation in LTPA. Both males and females residing in countries’ with higher gender equality were more likely (twice and three times more likely, respectively) to report weekly LTPA than those residing in countries characterized by low gender equality. These effects persisted even when controlling for individual (i.e. age, education) and country-level (i.e. population, gross domestic product) covariates. However, significant variation in LTPA persisted at the country level, suggesting the need for further research. These findings provide novel evidence that both males and females benefit from gender equality. To explain these findings, we hypothesize that increased gender equality decreases the average number of offspring and, in turn, allows mothers more time for leisure, and to invest more resources in both male and female offspring, which may increase LTPA.
Schlagwörter:Freizeitverhalten; leisure time behavior; Gesundheitsverhalten; health behavior; körperliche Bewegung; physical exercise; Sport; sports; gender-specific factors; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Freizeitforschung, Freizeitsoziologie, angewandte Psychologie
Inhalt: In this article, we explore the efficacy of sport as an instrument for social inclusion through an analysis of the film Bend it Like Beckham. The film argues for the potential of sport to foster a more inclusive society in terms of multiculturalism and gender equity by showing how a hybrid culture can be forged through the microcosm of an English young women's football club, while simultaneously challenging assumptions about traditional masculinities and femininities. Yet, despite appearances, Bend it Like Beckham does little to challenge the structure of English society. Ultimately, the version of multiculturalism offered by the film is one of assimilation to a utopian English norm. This conception appears progressive in its availability to all Britons regardless of ethnicity, but falls short of conceptions of hybrid identity that do not privilege one hegemonic culture over others. Likewise, although the film presents a feminist veneer, underneath lurks a troubling reassertion of the value of chastity, masculinity, and patriarchy. Bend it Like Beckham thus provides an instructive case study for the potential of sport as a site of social inclusion because it reveals how seductive it is to imagine that structural inequalities can be overcome through involvement in teams.
SSOAR Kategorie:Freizeitforschung, Freizeitsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie
Sportlife: medals, media and life courses of female Dutch Olympic champions, 1928-1940
Titelübersetzung:Ein Leben für den Sport: Medaillen, Medien und Lebensverläufe niederländischer Olympiasiegerinnern, 1928-1940
Autor/in:
Derks, Marjet
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 144-162
Inhalt: "Starting from the assumption that cultural historical analyses can help our understanding of changes in life cycles and life courses, this article explores the way in which a specific socio-cultural phenomenon, sport, changed and defined the life courses of women in pre-war Netherlands. While similar questions are often being researched from a psychological or sociological and hence short-term perspective, here a long term and biographical analysis is being applied. Focusing on a group of medal winning participants in the Olympic Games, the leading question is whether their physical talent allowed these women to pursue a different life course. A second question is how their international careers matched with dominant cultural life scripts, which stated that young women should prepare to become wives, mothers and homemakers. It can be concluded that the presented biographies reveal an ambiguous reality. On the one hand, sporting successes opened up several possibilities for the women concerned, who became public figures and their country's first national female sport heroes. Thus, they embodied the beginning of a new cultural feminine ideal that opened up existing scripts. Their personal life course underwent profound changes as well, albeit of a confusing nature. All coming from lower class families, they saw their social careers set off because of their swimming, but also getting disrupted because of it. Sport-related disagreeing life scripts were tensional rather than advantageous. At least in hindsight, the women blamed their sporting career for the strenuous course their lives took." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Netherlands; Olympische Spiele; cultural factors; sports; life career; Berichterstattung; image of women; Sport; Medien; Olympic Games; kulturelle Faktoren; Frauenbild; Karriere; woman; Lebenslauf; career; reporting; media; Niederlande; cultural life scripts, inter-war era, sporting careers, female sport heroes, biographical method
SSOAR Kategorie:Freizeitforschung, Freizeitsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
"Sportstudentin beim Diskuswurf". Die Konstruktion des Frauenkörpers in der Fotografie des Nationalsozialismus
Titelübersetzung:"Sportstudentin beim Diskuswurf" ["Discus-throwing Female Sports Student"]. The Construction of the Female Body in National Socialism
Autor/in:
Schmidtke, Adrian
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9 (2008) 2, 21 S
Inhalt: Fotografien waren zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus ein wesentliches Machtinstrument, welches sowohl der propagandistischen Inszenierung von Idealtypen, als auch der Lenkung der visuellen Wahrnehmung diente. Anhand von historischen Fotografien untersucht der Artikel mittels ikonografisch-ikonologischer und serieller Fotoanalysen die Genese der jeweiligen Idealtypen am Beispiel des Frauenbildes und zeigt dabei Brüche und Ambivalenzen bei der Darstellung auf.
Inhalt: During the time of National Socialism, photography was an essential tool of power for conducting propagandistic ideal types as well as directing visual perception. On the basis of an iconographic-iconologic analysis of historical photographs, this article investigates the genesis of particular ideal types by taking the conception of women as an example and points out antagonisms and ambivalences in the representation and illustration of this conception.
A history of the present on the "sportsman" and the "sportswoman"
Titelübersetzung:Die Geschichte der Gegenwart über Sportler und Sportlerin
Autor/in:
Larsson, Hakan
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 31 (2006) 1, S 209-229
Inhalt: 'The purpose of this article is to disseminate the construction of manliness and womanliness in Swedish sport. Of particular interest is gender equity policy in sport as a new way of creating sexual/ gender difference. Michel Foucault's concept 'a history of the present' - a genealogical approach - serves as an important tool in this work. Interviews with athletes in their teens (track and field athletics) and texts published by the Swedish Sports Confederation serve as empirical material. When asked about themselves as track & field athletes and their ways of seeing others participating in track & field, the boys often speak about themselves and other boys in a straightforward and unproblematic way. The girls on the other hand, speak about themselves and other girls in a problematic way. This is not an unexpected result, but the conventional interpretation is that it is a sign of gender inequalities in sport. From a genealogical point of view, it might rather be seen as an effect of gender equity policies. Gender equity policy can be seen as a practical strategy of guaranteeing women and men the opportunities to do the same thing - sport, simultaneously performing two distinct and clearly differentiated gendered subjects, to be equalised. As such, gender equity policies might be perceived as an apparatus that produces and regulates sexual/ gender difference.' (author's abstract)
A history of the present on the "Sportsman" and the "Sportswoman"
Titelübersetzung:"A history of the present" über den Sportler und die Sportlerin
Autor/in:
Larsson, Håkan
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4 (2003) 1, 22 S
Inhalt: Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Konstruktion von Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit im schwedischen Sport. Ein besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei der Gleichstellungspolitik im Sport als einem neuen Weg zur Konstruktion von Geschlechterdifferenz. Theoretisch/methodisch greife ich hierzu auf Michel FOUCAULTs Konzept "A History of the Present" – einen genealogischen Ansatz – zurück. Als empirisches Material dienen Interviews mit jugendlichen Leichtathlet(inn)en und von dem Schwedischen Sportverband publizierte Texte. Werden männliche Jugendliche danach befragt, wie sie sich selbst und andere als Leichtathlet(inn)en wahrnehmen, dann sprechen sie – im Unterschied zu jungen weiblichen Sportlerinnen – von sich und anderen meist auf eine direkte und unkomplizierte Weise. Dies ist zunächst kein überraschender Befund, und die traditionelle Interpretation schreibt diesen Unterschied Geschlechtsunterschieden im Sport zu. Aus einer genealogischen Perspektive hingegen kann die Differenz gerade als Effekt der Gleichstellungspolitik verstanden werden: Gleichstellungspolitik ist hiernach eine Strategie, die sicherstellen soll, dass Frauen und Männer die gleichen Voraussetzungen haben/das Gleiche – Sport – tun können, was bedeutet, dass zwei verschiedene geschlechtliche Subjekte zu Gleichen gemacht werden. Insoweit kann die Gleichstellungspolitik auch als Mechanismus zur Regulation von Geschlechtsdifferenzen verstanden werden.
Inhalt: The purpose of this article is to disseminate the construction of manliness and womanliness in Swedish sport. Of particular interest is gender equity policy in sport as a new way of creating sexual/gender difference. Michel FOUCAULT's concept "a history of the present"—a genealogical approach—serves as an important tool in this work. Interviews with athletes in their teens (track & field athletics) and texts published by the Swedish Sports Confederation serve as empirical material. When asked about themselves as track & field athletes and their ways of seeing others participating in track & field, the boys often speak about themselves and other boys in a straightforward and unproblematic way. The girls on the other hand, speak about themselves and other girls in a problematic way. This is not an unexpected result, but the conventional interpretation is that it is a sign of gender inequalities in sport. From a genealogical point of view, it might rather be seen as an effect of gender equity policies. Gender equity policy can be seen as a practical strategy of guaranteeing women and men the opportunities to do the same thing—sport, simultaneously performing two distinct and clearly differentiated gendered subjects, to be equalised. As such, gender equity policies might be perceived as an apparatus that produces and regulates sexual/gender difference.
Schlagwörter:Gleichstellung; Junge; Sweden; Sportler; women's policy; Diskurs; discourse; subjectivity; Subjektivität; Jugendlicher; Frauenpolitik; equal opportunity; masculinity; Leichtathletik; gender; sports; adolescent; Schweden; Chancengleichheit; Sport; Weiblichkeit; girl; Mädchen; boy; femininity; athlete; track-and-field events; Männlichkeit; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; History of the Present; Heteronormativität; sex; subjectivity; discourse; history of the present; equal opportunities; heteronormativity
SSOAR Kategorie:Jugendsoziologie, Soziologie der Kindheit, Freizeitforschung, Freizeitsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung