The European Union's idea of gender equality and its support among citizens of 27 European countries
Titelübersetzung:Das Konzept der Geschlechtergleichheit in der Europäischen Union und dessen Unterstützung durch die Bürger der 27 Mitgliedstaaten
Autor/in:
Gerhards, Jürgen; Kämpfer, Sylvia; Schäfer, Mike S.
Quelle: Institut für Soziologie Arbeitsbereich Makrosoziologie, FB Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin (Berliner Studien zur Soziologie Europas / Berlin Studies on the Sociology of Europe (BSSE), Nr. 10), 2008. 23 S.
Inhalt: "This article first describes the European Union's idea of gender equality and its implementation into European policies. The second section analyses the extent to which citizens of different European countries support the idea of gender equality. The empirical basis for our analysis is the 'Eurobarometer 63.1' from 2005. The descriptive findings show that while a majority of European citizens support the idea of gender equality, there are substantial differences between individual countries. In the third section we explain these differences by referring to the country's level of modernization and degree of politically institutionalised gender equality, as well as the respondents' religious orientation and level of education, among other factors." (author's abstract)
From higher education to work : patterns of labor market entry in Germany and the US
Titelübersetzung:Der Übergang von der Hochschule in Arbeit : Muster des Arbeitsmarkteintritts in Deutschland und den USA
Autor/in:
Jacob, Marita; Weiss, Felix
Quelle: Mannheim (Arbeitspapiere / Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Nr. 110), 2008. 25 S.
Inhalt: "Previous comparative studies describing the transition from school to work and national patterns of labor market entry have often had to simplify the complex transition processes involved. For example, the first job after education is not easy to define if a person returns to education. In addition, most of this research has concentrated on national patterns shaped by the experiences of the majority of young people. In this paper we concentrate on a particular group of school-leavers, viz. those entitled to enroll in higher education. We describe their transition patterns from school to work, including recurrent education leading to more than one instance of labor market entry after leaving education. A comparison between Germany and the United States enables us to answer the question of how various features of the tertiary education systems influence these patterns, i.e. the number of people actually returning to education and the time it takes to finally enter the labor market. The systems of higher education in Germany and the US differ in several ways that we assume to be important for the transition patterns from school to work: (a) the mode of stratification (parallel tracks in Germany vs. consecutive tracks in the US) provides different labor-market prospects and incentives for returning to education; (b) the coordination mechanism (state-controlled vs. market-based) is decisive for the diversity of institutions and their orientation to particular target groups; (c) the degree of standardization in educational programs is important for more or less smooth transitions to the labor market. Taking into account that labor-market flexibility also differs in the two countries, we derive our main hypothesis: transition patterns from higher education to the labor market in the US are less standardized and regulated than in Germany. We expect that students attending the lower-tier institutions in the US (community colleges) will display significant differences in this respect over and against their German counterparts attending a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences). In our empirical analyses we actually find overall differences with regard to variance in the ages at which young people leave education and enter the labor market. US students gain much more labor-market experience in the period between their initial and ultimate exit from education. Differences between lower- and higher-tier institutions are less marked than expected, both within and between the two countries." (author's abstract)
Mind the gap - women's and men's quality of work and employment : background paper ; EESC/Labour Market Observatory meeting on 'women's access to the labour market', 29 April 2008
Titelübersetzung:Achten Sie auf die Lücke : geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich Arbeitsqualität und Beschäftigung
Autor/in:
Jurczak, Kasia; Hurley, John
Quelle: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions; Dublin, 2008. 12 S.
Inhalt: "Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the research conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. When labour market participation, working conditions and the resulting labour market outcomes are analysed, the difference in the situation of women and men is evident. This report highlights the main issues concerning women's situation in the labour market and indicate where the principal barriers to women's labour market participation lie." (author's abstract). Contents: Increasing entry of women into labour market: Sectoral concentration. Men's jobs - women's jobs: a world apart? Breaking the glass ceiling? Flexibility for some, security for others. Mind the pay gap. Work-life balance. Social partner actions. Conclusions.
Quelle: SFB 597 Staatlichkeit im Wandel, Universität Bremen; Bremen (TranState Working Papers, No. 72), 2008. 31 S.
Inhalt: "Bildungspolitik wird in den westlichen Industrienationen häufig als ausschließliche Aufgabe des Nationalstaates betrachtet. Seit den 1990ern ist jedoch zu beobachten, dass internationale Organisationen (IOs) eine immer größere Rolle im Politikfeld Bildung spielen, indem sie neue Formen der Governance entwickeln. Dies führt dazu, dass die staatliche Vorherrschaft in der Bildungspolitik zunehmend in Frage gestellt wird. Dennoch ist bisher unklar, welche konkreten Effekte der Einfluss internationaler Organisationen hat. Zum einen wäre es möglich, dass sie einheitliche Lösungen für Probleme im Bildungsbereich vorschlagen, die von vielen Nationalstaaten geteilt werden, was zu einer größeren zwischenstaatlichen Konvergenz der Bildungspolitik führen könnte. Zum anderen wäre denkbar, dass nationale Institutionen ihrer eigenen Logik folgen, was eine Annäherung nationaler Pfade verhindern würde. Um ein besseres Verständnis der Dynamiken in diesem Zwei-Ebenen-Spiel zu ermöglichen, soll in diesem Arbeitspapier ein analytischer Rahmen entwickelt werden, anhand dessen das Zusammenspiel der nationalen und internationalen Determinanten von Wandel in der Bildungspolitik untersucht werden kann. Es wird angenommen, dass IOs mit Hilfe verschiedener Governance Instrumente versuchen, nationale Bildungspolitik zu beeinflussen. Allerdings reagieren Nationalstaaten nicht zwangläufig uniform auf diese internationalen Stimuli, sondern entsprechend ihrer Transformationskapazitäten. Diese werden hauptsächlich von nationalen Vetospielern und nationalen Leitideen von Bildung beeinflusst. Aufbauend auf diesen Annahmen entwickeln wir ein einfaches Modell zur Analyse des Wandels von Bildungspolitik, der durch IO Governance ausgelöst und durch nationale Transformationskapazitäten gesteuert wird." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Education policy making is often considered an exclusive domain of the nation state in western industrialised countries. Since the 1990s, however, international organisations (IOs) have started to play a greater role in the field of education by developing new forms of governance. As a consequence, the predominance of the nation state in education becomes an increasingly contested issue. Yet, it is not clear what kind of effects IO governance will have, whether it brings about greater convergence among national education policies by promoting uniform solutions for commonly shared problems, or whether national institutions continue to follow their own logic, thereby hindering equal responses to IO governance. In order to develop a better understanding of the dynamics in this two-level game, this paper sets out to develop an analytical framework for examining the interplay between international and national determinants of change in the field of education. We argue that IOs apply different governance instruments by which they seek to influence national education policy making. However, the degree to which nation states will respond to these international stimuli is likely to be mediated by national transformation capacities, most prominently veto players and nationally rooted ideas of education. Based on these basic assumptions, we develop a parsimonious model in which we assess the influence of IO governance on national education policy making mediated through national transformation capacities." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Bildungspolitik; Reform; Governance; internationale Organisation; Staat; Nationalstaat; Spieltheorie; Einfluss
CEWS Kategorie:Bildung und Erziehung, Europa und Internationales
The social situation in the European Union 2007 : social cohesion through equal opportunities
Titelübersetzung:Die soziale Lage in der Europäischen Union 2007
Herausgeber/in:
Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission
Quelle: Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission; Brüssel, 2008. 199 S.
Inhalt: "The 2007 Social Situation Report presents some key findings from the EU's new tool for monitoring the social situation and, in the future, social trends, namely the EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions). It looks at income inequality and how this is related to economic performance and at how people on low incomes are distributed across the EU as a whole. Incomes are more evenly distributed within the EU than in the US, and in the EU a high level of economic performance often goes hand in hand with greater equality. In 2004, around 100 million Europeans (22% of the total population) had less than 60% of the EU median income of around EURO 8000 per year for a single person or EURO 22 a day. In a majority of member states the largest segment of the population at risk of poverty consists of couples with one or two children where one of the partners is not working (at least throughout the year) - the 'male breadwinner' family type. Single parents, while being exposed to a high risk of poverty, represent a large share of the population at risk of poverty only in countries where this type of household is widespread." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Demographie und Bevölkerungsfragen, Europa und Internationales, Statistik und statistische Daten, Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis
Benchmarking Policy Measures for Gender Equality in Science
Herausgeber/in:
European Commission
Quelle: European Commission; Luxembourg, 2008.
Inhalt: The aim of this study is to benchmark the policy measures for gender equality in science in the European Union, its associated members, and the Western Balkan region. Through defining a structure for mapping and classifying the measures, key policies and actions designed to promote gender equality in science were identified. The resulting profiles of national policies and statistics relating to women in science were then analysed to determine the extent to which the identified policies and actions were associated with changes in the proportions of women in science in the EU.
Schlagwörter:Benchmarking; Europa; Europäische Kommission; Geschlechtergleichstellung; Gleichstellung; Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen; Statistik
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Gleichstellungspolitik, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Wissenschaftspolitik