Hochschulen und Arbeitsmarkt : Chancen auf ein besseres Verhältnis durch Bachelor und Master?
Titelübersetzung:Higher education and the labour market : opportunities for a better relationship through bachelor and master degrees?
Autor/in:
Reimer, Maike
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation, Jg. 28 (2008) H. 4, S. 392-410
Inhalt: "Die Einführung des Bachelor-Abschlusses an deutschen Hochschulen als berufsqualifizierenden Studienabschluss wird vielfach als Chance begrüßt, die berufliche Verwertbarkeit der Hochschulausbildung und die Abstimmung von Hochschule und Beschäftigungssystem zu verbessern, indem das Studium flexibler wird und die Orientierung auf die Lernergebnisse der Studierenden in den Vordergrund rückt. Absolventenbefragungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Umstellung in einigen Fächern und besonders an Fachhochschulen bisher Erfolg versprechend verläuft, dass es an Universitäten hingegen noch deutliche Probleme gibt, arbeitsmarktrelevante Studiengänge zu konzipieren. Es ist anzunehmen, dass Hochschulabsolventen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt weiterhin besser unterkommen als Personen ohne Hochschulabschluss, dass aber teilweise sinkende Bildungserträge und veränderte Erfolgskriterien zu erwarten sind." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The introduction or the bachelor degree is hailed by many as opportunity to improve professional relevance of tertiary education and the match between the higher education system and the labour market by allowing more flexibility and a curricular shift from teaching to learning. Graduate studies show that the reform progresses promisingly in some subjects and especially in 'Fachhochschulen'. Universities however have yet difficulties in developing labour market relevant courses and degrees. In the future, higher education institutions and graduates will face reduced returns of their educational investment and changes in the criteria relevant for labour market success, but retain their privileged position relative to holders of non-academic degrees." (author's abstract)
Field of study and gender segregation in European labour markets
Titelübersetzung:Studienfach und geschlechtsspezifische Segregation europäischer Arbeitsmärkte
Autor/in:
Smyth, Emer; Steinmetz, Stephanie
Quelle: International journal of comparative sociology, Vol. 49 (2008) No. 4/5, S. 257-281
Inhalt: "This article explores the role of field of study in channelling tertiary graduates into gender-appropriate occupations and the extent to which this process varies across countries. Previous research has demonstrated that such cross-country differences can be attributed to the nature of the welfare regime. However, less attention has been devoted to the potential impact of educational institutions and labour market systems. Using the European Union Labour Force Survey 2004 for 17 EU Member States, results of the multilevel analysis reveal that cross-national variation in occupational gender segregation must be seen in the context of institutional variation in education and labour market systems. The representation of women in higher education and the labour force, the gender pay gap and the provision of childcare explain a significant proportion of cross-national variation in occupational segregation by gender." (author's abstract)
From higher education to work : patterns of labor market entry in Germany and the US
Titelübersetzung:Der Übergang von der Hochschule in Arbeit : Muster des Arbeitsmarkteintritts in Deutschland und den USA
Autor/in:
Jacob, Marita; Weiss, Felix
Quelle: Mannheim (Arbeitspapiere / Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Nr. 110), 2008. 25 S.
Inhalt: "Previous comparative studies describing the transition from school to work and national patterns of labor market entry have often had to simplify the complex transition processes involved. For example, the first job after education is not easy to define if a person returns to education. In addition, most of this research has concentrated on national patterns shaped by the experiences of the majority of young people. In this paper we concentrate on a particular group of school-leavers, viz. those entitled to enroll in higher education. We describe their transition patterns from school to work, including recurrent education leading to more than one instance of labor market entry after leaving education. A comparison between Germany and the United States enables us to answer the question of how various features of the tertiary education systems influence these patterns, i.e. the number of people actually returning to education and the time it takes to finally enter the labor market. The systems of higher education in Germany and the US differ in several ways that we assume to be important for the transition patterns from school to work: (a) the mode of stratification (parallel tracks in Germany vs. consecutive tracks in the US) provides different labor-market prospects and incentives for returning to education; (b) the coordination mechanism (state-controlled vs. market-based) is decisive for the diversity of institutions and their orientation to particular target groups; (c) the degree of standardization in educational programs is important for more or less smooth transitions to the labor market. Taking into account that labor-market flexibility also differs in the two countries, we derive our main hypothesis: transition patterns from higher education to the labor market in the US are less standardized and regulated than in Germany. We expect that students attending the lower-tier institutions in the US (community colleges) will display significant differences in this respect over and against their German counterparts attending a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences). In our empirical analyses we actually find overall differences with regard to variance in the ages at which young people leave education and enter the labor market. US students gain much more labor-market experience in the period between their initial and ultimate exit from education. Differences between lower- and higher-tier institutions are less marked than expected, both within and between the two countries." (author's abstract)
Non scholae, sed vitae discimus! : the importance of fields of study for the gender wage gap among German university graduates during labor market entry and the first years of their careers
Titelübersetzung:Nicht für die Schule, für das Leben lernen wir! : die Bedeutung der Studienfachwahl für den geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschied zwischen deutschen Hochschulabsolventen während der Berufseinmündung und in den ersten Berufsjahren
Autor/in:
Braakmann, Nils
Quelle: Institut für VWL, Fak. Wirtschaft, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg; Lüneburg (Working Paper Series in Economics, No. 85), 2008. 39 S.
Inhalt: "This paper investigates the gender wage gap among German university graduates in their first job and five to six years into their careers. We find that women earn about 30 percent less than men at their first job and about 35 percent less after five to six years. Results from standard decomposition techniques show that 80Prozent of the earnings gap in the first job can be attributed to differences in endowment of which between 74 and 78 percent are related to different fields of studies. Adding employer information leads to an explained share of about 90 percent of the earnings gap with fields of study still accounting for about half of the gap. These also play a dominant role in a model without employer information after five to six years, directly explaining between 26 and 33 percent of the earnings gap. Adding employer information, however, leads to insignificant results. Together with detailed information on experiences after graduation, these variables account for about 44 to 50 percent of the earnings gap later in the graduates careers." (author's abstract)
Studium und Beruf - Zum Wandel des Verhältnisses von Hochschule und Berufsausbildung
Titelübersetzung:Academic studies and occupations - the change in the relationship between university and vocational training
Autor/in:
Georg, Walter
Quelle: Universität und Lebenswelt: Festschrift für Heinz Abels. Wieland Jäger (Hrsg.), Rainer Schützeichel (Hrsg.). Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwiss., 2008, S. 84-117
Inhalt: Die Hochschul- und Studienreform im Rahmen des 1999 gestarteten Bologna-Prozesses hat weitreichende Veränderungen im historisch gewachsenen Verhältnis von Bildungssystem und Arbeitsmarkt in Gang gesetzt. Der jüngst verabschiedete Europäische Qualifikationsrahmen erweitert und beschleunigt zudem die eingeleiteten Transformationsprozesse. Der Autor stellt in seinem Beitrag zunächst die Effekte der vertikalen und horizontalen Gliederung des Bildungssystems auf Arbeitsorganisation und Arbeitsmarkt dar und betont die Besonderheiten, die sich in Deutschland aus der ausbildungs- und erwerbsstrukturierenden Funktion des Berufsprinzips ergeben. Er zeigt anschließend, dass sich aus der Frage nach dem berufsqualifizierenden Charakter der neu eingerichteten konsekutiven Studiengänge sowie den Folgen der Verschränkung zwischen Studium und Berufsausbildung unterschiedliche Perspektiven für die Erosion traditioneller Grenzen, aber auch für die Entstehung neuer Konkurrenz- und Kooperationsbeziehungen zwischen Hochschul- und Berufsbildungssektor ableiten lassen können. Der Autor diskutiert abschließend die Frage, inwieweit die bildungsökonomisch und beschäftigungspolitisch begründete europäische Einflussnahme auf die Transformation der nationalen Bildungs- und Berufsbildungssysteme eine Konvergenzentwicklung im Sinne einer Harmonisierung der Systemstrukturen erwarten lassen. (ICI2)