Umbrüche und Kontinuitäten: ostdeutsche Lebensverläufe im Vereinigungsprozess
Autor/in:
Solga, Heike; Mayer, Karl Ulrich
Quelle: WZB-Mitteilungen, (2010) 129, S 41-44
Inhalt: "Ostdeutsche Lebensverläufe und Erwerbsbiografien nach 1989 sind in unterschiedlichem Maße
von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität geprägt, je nach Geburtskohorte, Geschlecht, (partei-)politischer Nähe zum DDR-System. Die Zwischenbilanz dieses Beitrags in Form von vier Thesen zeigt unter anderem, dass Loyalität zum DDR-System für die Lebens- und Erwerbsverläufe von Ostdeutschen nach der Wende nicht per se zum Hindernis wurde: Ehemaligen Kadern der Nomenklatura sicherte ihre meist hohe Bildung oft zumindest qualifizierte Positionen. Auch ihr Risiko, arbeitslos zu werden, war nicht höher als das der anderen Ostdeutschen." [Autorenreferat]
Inhalt: "The life courses and employment histories of East Germans have changed since the fall of the Wall
in 1989. Summarizing the research findings in four theses, the authors show that the degree of stability and discontinuity in the life courses of East Germans varies between birth cohorts, gender, and the overt political loyalty to the GDR. Among other things, we see that loyalty to the GDR did not increase the risks of unemployment or downward mobility after 1989, because the majority of the former members of the upper service class hold university degrees." [author's abstract]
Schlagwörter:Führungskraft; consequences; German Democratic Republic (GDR); politische Einstellung; Federal Republic of Germany; reunification; neue Bundesländer; Kontinuität; political attitude; Folgen; continuity; New Federal States; Bildungsniveau; unemployment; Kader; Wiedervereinigung; employment history; cadre; life career; executive; Erwerbsverlauf; Arbeitslosigkeit; DDR; level of education; gender-specific factors; Lebenslauf
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
When working isn't enough: Family demographic processes and in-work poverty across the life course in the United States
Autor/in:
Van Winkle, Zachary; Struffolino, Emanuela
Quelle: Demographic Research, 39 (2018) , S 365-380
Inhalt: [Background:] In-work poverty, a phenomenon that engenders social exclusion, is exceptionally high in the United States. The literature on in-work poverty focuses on occupational polarization, human capital, demographic characteristics, and welfare generosity. However, we have no knowledge on the effects of family demographic processes on in-work poverty across individuals' life courses. [Objective:] We estimate the risk of in-work poverty in the United States over the life course as a function of family demographic processes, namely leaving the parental home, union formation and dissolution, and the transition to parenthood. [Methods:] We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and fixed effects regression models with interactions between age and each family demographic process to estimate age-specific associations between these processes and the probability of in-work poverty. [Results:] In-work poverty is a common phenomenon across the life courses of our study cohort: 20% of individuals are at risk of in-work poverty at every age. However, the risk generally decreases for men and increases for women across the life course. Leaving the parental home, entering parenthood, and separation increase, while marriage decreases the risk of in-work poverty. While the associations between marital statuses and in-work poverty are stable over the life course, the associations between parental home leaving and fertility with in-work poverty vary by age. [Contribution:] Our findings demonstrate the importance of family demographic processes over and above traditional stratification factors for the risk of in-work poverty. Associations between family demographic processes and in-work poverty estimated for all age groups may be grossly underestimated.
Schlagwörter:Erwerbsbeteiligung; demographic factors; life career; Armut; Familie; wirtschaftliche Faktoren; Einkommensunterschied; USA; Elternschaft; exclusion; difference in income; family; economic factors; Exklusion; labor force participation; demographische Faktoren; Lebenslauf; gender-specific factors; Ungleichheit; parenthood; inequality; poverty; United States of America; family processes; working poor
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Patterns of work and use of benefits over the life course: estimates and simulations based on Dutch microdata
Titelübersetzung:Die Struktur von Arbeit und die Verwendung von Zuwendungen im Lebensverlauf: Schätzungen und Simulationen auf der Basis niederländischer Mikrodaten
Autor/in:
Koning, Jaap de; Kroes, Hassel; Steen, Alex van der
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeit, Sozialstruktur und Sozialstaat, Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Beschäftigung, 2006-112), 2006. 84 S
Inhalt: "This report analyses patterns of work and use of benefits over the full life course on the basis of Dutch data. The available data, however, only cover a period of twelve years. Therefore, the patterns observed during this period are used to simulate life courses for a cohort. The simulation implies that for each (simulated) member of the cohort we know on a quarterly basis for approximately 50 years whether he has a job, a social benefit or neither a job nor a social benefit. So, we have approximately 200 data points for each (simulated) individual. The original data on which the simulation model is based contain the following individual characteristics: age, gender and ethnic origin. The level of education was estimated on the basis of income data from our dataset. The distinction according to these four characteristics has been maintained in the simulation." (author's abstract)
University Education: An Analysis in the Context of the FAMSIM+ Microsimulation Model for Austria
Autor/in:
Schwarz, Franz; Spielauer, Martin; Städtner, Karin
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 27), 2002. 46 S
Inhalt: Das ÖIF betreibt zum Thema Bildungsentscheidung aktuelle Forschungen, u.a. werden Mikroanalysen als Basis eines Simulationsmodells verwendet, welches die zukünftige Zusammensetzung der österreichischen Bevölkerung nach Bildungsschicht untersucht. Diese Modelle schließen zusätzlich das unterschiedliche Fertilitätsverhalten (Anzahl, Zeitpunkt von Geburten) und Partnerschaftsverhalten (etwa Bildungsunterschiede in Partnerschaften) unterschiedlicher Bildungsgruppen ein. Datenbasis für diese Mikrosimulationsmodelle ist das Sonderprogramm des Mikrozensus 2/1996.
Inhalt: This working paper on university education analyzes the influencing factors on university enrollment rates, graduation vs. dropout rates as well as study durations in Austria. The analysis is based on the special program of the 1996 micro census that includes detailed educational histories. On the macro level, a considerable increase of enrollment rates can be observed that more than doubled in the second half of the last century. Female enrollment rates that were only one third of the male rates for the 1935-39 birth cohort, have already drawn level with the male rates. Changes on the macro level are the outcome of decisions taken by the individual agents on the micro level. Moving from the macro to a micro analysis of university enrollments and graduations, a very stable relation between parents’ educational attainments and the university graduation rates of their offspring can be found, besides the diminishing gender differences in educational behavior. For given educational levels of the parents, enrollment rates almost remained constant or even slightly decreased over time for the males, while female rates moderately increased and eventually met the male rates in the last decades. Given the marked differences in enrollment rates according to parents’ education - for the last birth cohort 1965-69 the rates range from around 4% to nearly 60% for the lowest and the highest (of the five) educational groups - a considerable part of the changes on the macro level can therefore be attributed to the changing educational composition of the parents’ generation. This result is consistent with the findings regarding prior educational transitions as studied in two previous papers. Being written in the framework of the FAMSIM+ microsimulation model currently under development at the Austrian Institute for Family Studies, various regression models regarding university education will be developed in this paper, besides providing a descriptive analysis. These models will serve as basis of the behavioral modules of the FAMSIM+ model that consists of three sub modules regarding university enrollments and graduations: First, it is determined whether a person enrolls at university. Second, it is decided if an enrolled person will graduate from university or drop out. Third, the individual enrollment duration is determined by means of a survival analysis.
Class, work and religion in the female life course: the case of a Dutch textile town: Enschede, 1880-1940
Titelübersetzung:Soziale Klasse, Arbeit und Religion im weiblichen Lebenslauf: der Fall einer niederländischen Textilarbeiterstadt: Enschede, 1880-1940
Autor/in:
Janssens, Angelique
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2, S 254-274
Inhalt: Zwischen Frauenerwerbsarbeit und Geburtenrate wird ein enger Zusammenhang angenommen. Dieser wird bei Frauen in den Niederlanden für den Zeitraum 1880 - 1940 untersucht. Am Beispiel der mittelgroßen Textilindustrie-Stadt Enschede mit einem überaus hohen Geburtenanstieg zwischen 1899 und 1930 wird gefragt, inwieweit Erfahrungen mit dem Arbeitsmarkt die Eheentscheidung bzw. Ehechancen junger Frauen beeinflussen. Dabei werden bei den Frauen die Beschäftigungsgruppen 'Lehrerin/Kleinhandel', 'Nähen/Hausangestellte', 'Weben' und 'beschäftigungslos' unterschieden. Es zeigt sich, daß das Eheschließungsverhalten und die Familiengröße nicht wesentlich von sozioökonomischen Faktoren wie dem beruflichen Status des Ehemannes abhingen. Zumindest im frühen 20. Jahrhundert wurde in Enschede die Triade 'Frau, Arbeit und Familie' durch die Triade 'Frau, Familie, Religion' ersetzt. Damit verlief in diesem Zeitraum die Teilung der Gesellschaft nicht horizontal nach sozioökonomischen Gruppen, sondern vertikal nach religiösen und kulturellen Zuordnungen. Der ziemlich späte Wandel demographischer Verhaltensweisen in den Niederlanden geht einher mit geringer Frauenerwerbstätigkeit bis in die 60er Jahre. (prf)
Inhalt: 'In recent years it has become an accepted wisdom to assume a close correlation between the productive and reproductive activities of women. This paper therefore examines the extent to which the labour force participation of women in the Netherlands and patterns of demographic behaviour of women are interrelated in the period between 1880 and 1940. The Netherlands hold a special position in that respect since it combines a rather late demographic transition with low levels of female labour force participation that continue well into the 1960s. This paper presents some preliminary results concerning the industrial textile town of Enschede. In the middle of the Dutch fertility decline socio-economic influences did not appear to have been much impact on either marriage or fertility behaviour. Rather, the evidence suggests that the famous triangle of 'women, work and family', at least for early twentieth-century Enschede, should be replaced by the triangle 'women, family and religion'.' (author's abstract)
Transition from Cohabitation to Marriage: the Role of Marital Attitudes in Seven Western and Eastern European Countries
Autor/in:
Žilinčíková, Zuzana; Hiekel, Nicole
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 3-29
Inhalt: Using longitudinal panel data from the Generations and Gender Surveys on 2,847 cohabiters from seven countries, we examine the role of marital attitudes in the transition from cohabitation to marriage and compare the strength of this association between Western and Eastern Europe. We expect a positive attitude towards marriage to increase the likelihood of cohabiters marrying. We also expect the association between personal attitudes and marriage formation to be weaker among cohabiters from Eastern Europe, due to stronger normative pressure to marry in contexts where cohabitation is less prevalent. In both Eastern and Western European countries, we find a clear positive association between favourable views on marriage among cohabiters and their entry into marriage. Contrary to our expectations, we find evidence that this association is weaker in Western Europe. We discuss this finding in light of the greater postponement of marriage among Western European cohabiters, even among those with a positive attitude towards marriage, as well as the potentially greater significance of life course events and transitions that influence their decision to marry more strongly than is the case for their Eastern European counterparts. This study extends the literature on the relationship trajectories of cohabiters by drawing attention to the normative context that may shape cohabiters’ opportunities and constrain behavioural choice in the marriage formation process. Ultimately, it contributes to an understanding of the consequences of the societal diffusion of cohabitation in Europe.
Schlagwörter:Ehe; marriage; attitude; Western Europe; international comparison; Eastern Europe; Familiengründung; wedding; Heirat; partnership; Lebensgemeinschaft; family formation; internationaler Vergleich; Partnerschaft; cohabitation; Osteuropa; Westeuropa; Einstellung; marriage formation; cohabitation; discrete time event history analysis; Generations and Gender Surveys