Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Italy; fertility; reproductive behavior; number of children; gender role; Migrant; Italien; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Geschlechtsrolle; Gleichberechtigung; country of origin; family size; Kinderzahl; Fruchtbarkeit; Tradition; Familiengröße; generatives Verhalten; Norm; migrant; Herkunftsland; standard; equality of rights; socioeconomic factors; woman; tradition; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 275-306
Inhalt: In this article we investigate fertility intentions of Russian women in Estonia from an origin-destination perspective. Russian migrants to Estonia and their descendants are compared with women in the sending and host countries in order to identify similarities and differences in intended transitions to first, second and third births. The study is based on the Estonian and Russian Generations and Gender Surveys, which were conducted in 2004/2005, and employs logistic regression models. The dependent variables are intentions to become a mother, to have a second child, or to have a third child. The hypotheses for the study are mainly derived from the adaptation, cultural maintenance, and selection (characteristics) perspectives. We also incorporate attitudes towards gender roles into the models, which have proven to be a salient factor in shaping childbearing intentions, but have seldom been considered in studies of migrant fertility. Our results lend support to both the adaptation and cultural maintenance perspectives. In accord with the latter, the similarity between the childbearing intentions of Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia and those of their counterparts in Russia suggests that socialisation to the ethnic subculture has prevailed over the influence of the host society. We attribute this outcome to contextual features that have retarded integration processes. By contrast, we observe that proficiency in the host country language, residence in areas where the host population constitutes a large majority and having a native partner significantly contribute to the adaptation of migrants' intentions to have another child to those of the host population. These results provide support to the adaptation argument. Finally, our study reveals a positive association between egalitarian views on gender roles and women's intentions to have another child. However, variation in gender role attitudes accounts for a relatively minor part of the difference in intended fertility between the groups addressed in this study.
Migrant Status and Lone Motherhood - Risk Factors of Female Labour Force Participation in Switzerland
Autor/in:
Milewski, Nadja; Struffolino, Emanuela; Bernardi, Laura
Quelle: Lone Parenthood in the Life Course. Cham (Life course research and social policies), 2018, S 141-163
Inhalt: Compared to non-migrant mothers in couples, migrant lone mothers face a much higher risk of being out of the labour market, given that both lone motherhood and international migration have been shown to be strongly related to non-employment. In this chapter, we analyse the labour force participation of immigrant women and non-migrants living in Switzerland, and compare them by distinguishing between mothers in couples and lone mothers. We use data from the Swiss Labour Force Survey (wave 2008; N = 6814). These data allow us to account for intra-group variation among the immigrants by distinguishing them by their migrant generation and their country of origin. The analyses include women aged 20–54 who were living with at least one child under age 18. The dependent variable in the multinomial regression analyses is employment status, differentiating between full-time employment, long and short part-time employment, and non-employment. Results indicate that lone motherhood prevalence is similar among migrant and Swiss mothers (11%). In both groups, lone mothers are less likely to be in employment than mothers in couples. However, we find variation among lone mothers by migrant status: migrants have a higher non-employment rate overall. Among the employed women, migrant lone mothers tend to work full time, whereas non-migrant lone mothers tend to work part time. For lone mothers being an international migrant is therefore associated with an increased risk not only of being out of the labour force, but also of facing difficulties linked to work-family reconciliation. These results are relevant for the design of appropriate policies for migrants, lone parents, and work-family reconciliation, particularly in a societal context like Switzerland, where child care services are insufficient and the number of mothers who work full time is relatively small.
Schlagwörter:Schweiz; Switzerland; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; Migrant; migrant
Kinderzahl und Migrationshintergrund - ein Vergleich zwischen Frauen türkischer Herkunft mit oder ohne eigene Wanderungserfahrung sowie Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund in Westdeutschland
Titelübersetzung:Number of children and migration background: a comparison between women of Turkish origin with or without migration experience of their own and women without a migration background in Western Germany
Autor/in:
Naderi, Robert
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 27 (2015) 3, S 322-342
Inhalt: "Die Fertilität von Frauen mit türkischer Herkunft und deutschen Frauen unterscheidet sich deutlich voneinander. Die grundlegende Frage lautet dabei, welche Faktoren dazu führen, dass sich das Fertilitätsverhalten an das der Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund annähert. Hierzu werden in diesem Beitrag Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Analyse des Mikrozensus 2012 zur Kinderzahl von Frauen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund und Frauen gleicher Jahrgänge (1963 bis 1977) ohne Migrationshintergrund präsentiert. Die Analysen berücksichtigen die eigene Wanderungserfahrung, Aufenthaltsdauer, den Bildungsstand, Erwerbstätigkeit und die Partnerschaft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Differenzierung nach eigener Migrationserfahrung sowie Aufenthaltsdauer im Zusammenspiel mit dem Bildungsstand wesentlich sind. Wenn in Deutschland geborene Frauen mit türkischen Wurzeln einen hohen Bildungsstand aufweisen, sind die Paritäten vergleichbar mit denen von gleich hoch gebildeten Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Bei Betrachtung niedrigerer Bildungsabschlüsse bleiben die Unterschiede bestehen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The fertility of women of Turkish origin significantly differs from German women’s fertility. Thus, the basic question is which factors may lead to the fact that the former’s fertility behavior starts to converge to that of women without migration background. Based on comparative analyses of the German Microcensus 2012, this article presents findings with regard to the number of children born to a) women with a Turkish migration background and b) women without migration background, both belonging to the same age group that was born between 1963 and 1977. The analyses take into account: a) having migration experience of one’s own, b) duration of living in Germany, c) educational attainment, d) employment status, and e) partnership status. The results indicate that a differentiation with regard to both migration experience and duration of living in Germany, interacting with the level of education, is essential. Highly educated women with Turkish roots born in Germany display a parity that is similar to the parity of equally highly educated women not having a migration background. When comparing women of the subgroups who have lower levels of education in common, the differences in fertility do persist." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Migrationshintergrund; migration background; woman; Türke; Turk; Deutscher; German; Kinderzahl; number of children; Geburtenentwicklung; birth trend; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Federal Republic of Germany; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; Parität
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung
Affection and conflict in Intergenerational relationships of women in sixteen areas in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America
Titelübersetzung:Zuneigung und Konflikt in intergenerationalen Verhältnissen von Frauen in 16 Jahren in Asien, Afrika, Europa und Ame
Autor/in:
Nauck, Bernhard
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 39 (2014) 4, S 647-678
Inhalt: "Studies of intergenerational solidarity in affluent societies suggest that relationships between generations consist simultaneously of both emotional closeness and conflicts. This analysis extends the standard model of intergenerational relationships, which until now has been applied only to countries with bilineal kinship systems, to culturally and economically diverse areas with varying kinship systems. Latent class analysis was applied to measure affection and conflict in the ongoing relationships of young and middle-aged women with their mothers (7,522 relationship pairs) and fathers (5,338 relationship pairs). The empirical analysis was based on standardised oral interviews with mothers from areas in China, Indonesia, North and South India, South Africa, Palestine, Israel, Turkey, Russia, Estonia, Poland, East and West Germany, France, Jamaica, and the United States (n=8,756). The best fitting model of relationship differences consisted of four latent classes: 'amicable' (45 percent), 'detached' (28 percent), 'ambivalent' (22 percent), and 'disharmonious' (5 percent). Based on a cross-culturally largely invariant measurement model, results revealed significantly different distributions for fathers and mothers and across areas. Multinomial three-level regression analysis was used to analyse the complex cross-level interdependence of area effects, individual characteristics, and the respective relationship on class membership. In patrilineal societies, relationships of women with their biological parents are more likely to be ambivalent, less likely to be detached, and very likely to become disharmonious in case of spatial proximity. In affluent societies, the relationships are less likely to be disharmonious and most likely to be harmonious. Whereas the frequency of contact decreases the likelihood of detached or disharmonious relationships in affluent societies, functional exchange with the parents increases the likelihood of disharmonious relationships." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:affectivity; Europe; Intergenerational relations; Asia; North America; Konflikt; Affektivität; conflict; Africa; woman; Europa; Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; Nordamerika; Asien; parent-child relationship; Generationenverhältnis; Afrika
The effects of the first birth timing on women's wages: A longitudinal analysis based on the German Socio-Economic Panel
Titelübersetzung:Die Einkommensseffekte des Zeitpunkts der ersten Geburt: Eine Längsschnittanalyse auf Basis des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels
Autor/in:
Putz, Tobias; Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 26 (2014) 3, S 302-330
Inhalt: "Während der Effekt einer Geburt auf das Einkommen unter dem Stichwort 'motherhood wage gap' bereits eingehend untersucht wurde, existieren bisher nur vereinzelt Arbeiten, die die Effekte des Zeitpunkts dieses Ereignisses analysieren. Die große Mehrheit bestehender Befunde basiert darüber hinaus auf amerikanischen Daten. Untersuchungen, die andere Datenquellen nutzen, wie zum Beispiel Studien auf Basis deutscher Daten, fehlen bisher fast vollständig. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht diese Lücke zu schließen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Untersuchung des kausalen Effekts des Geburtszeitpunkts auf das Einkommen im weiteren Lebenslauf (bis zum 45. Lebensjahr). Die Schätzungen von Fixed-Effects-Panel-Modellen mit Längsschnittdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) deuten darauf hin, dass die negativen Einkommenseffekte, die durch die Geburt des ersten Kindes entstehen, vor allem für solche Frauen beobachtet werden können, die ihr Kind zu einem relativ späten Zeitpunkt zur Welt bringen. Die negativen Effekte des Geburtstimings zeigen sich insbesondere für niedrig- und mittelgebildete Frauen sowie für verheiratete Frauen und verlieren für frühe Mütter mit dem Abstand vom Geburtsereignis an Einfluss. Darüber hinaus nehmen die negativen Effekte einer Geburt für späte Mütter mit der Länge der kindesbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechung zu. Im Gegensatz zur vorliegenden Literatur deuten die Befunde damit auf negative Einkommenseffekte durch eine späte Mutterschaft hin, so dass in Anlehnung an die bereits bekannte 'motherhood wage gap' eher von einer 'late motherhood wage gap' gesprochen werden kann." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "While the wage effects of a birth, the so-called 'motherhood wage gap', have already been analyzed in more detail, studies exploring the timing of this life event still tend to be rare. Moreover, the large majority of existing evidence on this topic is based on data from the United States. Research using other data sources, for example research based on German data, is almost completely missing. By focusing on the causal effects of the timing of the first birth on women's wages in their subsequent life time (up to age 45), this paper seeks to contribute to this research gap. Based on longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), estimated fixed-effects panel models indicate that the negative wage effects of a first birth can primarily be observed for those women, who bear their first child relatively late. Furthermore, the estimated models provide evidence that the negative wage effects related to late motherhood can especially be observed for women with a low and intermediate level of education as well as for women who were married at first birth. Moreover, it seems that only young mothers experience an increase in their wages as the time since the first birth elapses. At last, yet for late mothers only, the negative effects of childbirth increase with the length of the work interruption around first birth. Overall, in contrast to the existing literature, these results indicate negative wage effects of a delayed first birth. Thus, according to the well-established 'motherhood wage gap', these results can be considered as indication for a 'late motherhood wage gap'." (author's abstract)