Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Flensburg (Schriftenreihe für erweiterte Replikationen, Crowdsourcing und empirische Theorieüberprüfung, 3), 2019. 8 S
Inhalt: Das Problem der ’männlichen Depression’ besteht darin, dass Männer von einer falsch-negativen Diagnose von Depression stärker betroffen sind als Frauen. Einige Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass sich das für Männer erhöhte Risiko einer Fehldiagnose mit einer spezifisch 'männlichen' Ausprägung von Depressionserkrankungen erklären lässt. Zudem wird vermutet, dass es geschlechts- und gender-spezifische Risikofaktoren für Depression
gibt. Beide Fragen - nach der geschlechtsspezifischen Symptomatik und den geschlechts- bzw. gender-spezifischen Prädiktoren - werden mit Surveydaten empirisch untersucht. Die Vermutung typisch 'männlicher' Depressionssymptome kann bestätigt werden. Von den untersuchten Risikofaktoren hat lediglich das Vorliegen einer chronischen Erkrankung einen
geschlechtsspezifischen Effekt auf das Risiko, an einer Depression zu erkranken.
Das andere Achtundsechzig - Als Gretchen und Helke und Sarah und Sigrid Revolution machten
Autor/in:
König, Armin
Quelle: (2019)
Inhalt: Rezension zu: Hodenberg, Christina, von: Das andere Achtundsechzig : Gesellschaftsgeschichte einer Revolte. München: C.H. Beck 2018. 978-3-406-71971-4. Abstract: 50 Jahre nach "1968" ist es Zeit für einen frischen Blick auf die Ereignisse, die bis heute die Republik spalten. Anhand von erstmals ausgewerteten neuen Quellen erschüttert Christina von Hodenberg die alten Gewissheiten und zeigt das andere Achtundsechzig jenseits der immer wieder erzählten Legenden. In unserer Erinnerung ist Achtundsechzig eine Angelegenheit junger männlicher Studenten in Großstädten wie Berlin und Frankfurt. Im Hintergrund wirkt ein Generationenkonflikt, der sich aus dem Streit um die NS-Vergangenheit speist. Rudi Dutschke, der SDS und die Berliner Kommune I stehen im Mittelpunkt der Darstellung. Doch war das wirklich alles? In ihrem glänzend geschriebenen Buch zeigt Christina von Hodenberg, was an diesem Bild nicht stimmt und was es auslässt. Achtundsechzig war auch weiblich, es spielte ebenso abseits der großen Metropolen, die NS-Vergangenheit war nicht die zentrale Antriebskraft und die Eltern hatten viel mehr Verständnis für die Anliegen ihrer Kinder, als es im Rückblick scheint. Indem es das in den Blick nimmt, was sonst meist ausgeblendet wird, liefert dieses Buch die erste wahre Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Revolte von 1968.
Schlagwörter:Studentenbewegung; student movement; Protestbewegung; protest movement; Feminismus; feminism; politische Bewegung; political movement; woman; Federal Republic of Germany; Geschichte 1968; Studentenrevolte; Dutschke, Rudi
SSOAR Kategorie:Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
We live here, and we are queer!: young gay connected migrants' transnational ties and integration in the Netherlands
Autor/in:
Patterson, Jeffrey; Leurs, Koen
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 90-101
Inhalt: Upon arrival to Europe, young migrants are found grappling with new language demands, cultural expectations, values, and beliefs that may differ from global youth culture and their country of origin. This process of coming-of-age while on-the-move is increasingly digitally mediated. Young migrants are "connected migrants", using smart phones and social media to maintain bonding ties with their home country while establishing new bridging relationships with peers in their country of arrival (Diminescu, 2008). Drawing on the feminist perspective of intersectionality which alerts us socio-cultural categories like age, race, nationality, migration status, gender and sexuality impact upon identification and subordination, we contend it is problematic to homogenize these experiences to all gay young adult migrants. The realities of settlement and integration starkly differ between desired migrants -such as elite expatriates and heterosexuals – and those living on the margins of Europe- forced migrants and lesbian, gay, trans, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) migrants. Drawing on 11 in-depth interviews conducted in Amsterdam, the Netherlands with gay young adult forced and voluntary migrants, this paper aims to understand how sexual identification in tandem with bonding and bridging social capital diverge and converge between the two groups all while considering the interplay between their online and offline entanglements of their worlds.
Schlagwörter:Sozialkapital; social capital; Migrant; migrant; Diaspora; diaspora; Digitale Medien; digital media; soziale Beziehungen; social relations; ethnische Beziehungen; ethnic relations; Sexualität; sexuality; Homosexualität; homosexuality; Soziale Medien; social media; Jugendlicher; adolescent; Kommunikation; communication; Niederlande; Netherlands; Transsexualität; transsexualism
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, interpersonelle Kommunikation, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 1-3
Inhalt: This editorial delivers an introduction to the Media and Communication thematic issue on "Communicating on/with Minorities" around the world. This thematic issue presents a multidisciplinary look at the field of communicating on and with different members of minority groups who, based on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or a background in migration, experience relative disadvantage and marginalization compared to the dominant social group. The contributors to this thematic issue present a variety of professional contexts (i.e., portrayals in journalistic content, in fiction and non-fiction audiovisual content, on social media platforms and in health care). Taken together, the contributions examine various theoretical angles, thereby adopting new research directions through the use of quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodologies.
SSOAR Kategorie:interpersonelle Kommunikation, soziale Probleme, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie
Representation of women in the news: balancing between career and family life
Autor/in:
Vandenberghe, Hanne
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 4-12
Inhalt: An in-depth literature review showed that women, despite their increasingly prominent roles worldwide, continue to be persistently underrepresented and stereotyped in news media. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the representation of women changed over time in two Dutch-speaking Belgian newspapers De Standaard and Het Laatste Nieuws. An automated quantitative content analysis revealed that there is no increase of the number of women in the newspapers between 2005 and 2015. On the contrary, women are significantly less represented over time in the popular newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws. A qualitative analysis on two cases about women stepping into a leadership position -in 2012 (Catherine De Bolle as head of the Federal police) and in 2014 (Dominique Leroy as CEO of a Belgian telecom company)- showed that the press emphasised their femininity, their being a role model for other women, their being part of a family and having certain looks. Moreover, these women are clearly portrayed as "the best candidate" pointing at the selection procedures and their capabilities to perform professionally. Probably, this strong emphasis is a way of justifying that these women are not selected because of positive discrimination. Further analysis of cases of both men and women stepping into top positions across countries and media platforms is recommended.
Inhalt: In this article, we draw a parallel between equality of opportunity in educational transitions and equality of opportunity in academic careers. In both cases, many methodological problems can be ameliorated by the use of longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data. We illustrate this point by using Finnish full-population register data to follow the educational and academic careers of the 1964-1966 birth cohorts from birth to the present day. We show how the Finnish professoriate is highly selected both in terms of parental background and in terms of gender. Individuals of different backgrounds differ greatly in the likelihood of completing different educational and academic transitions, but much less in the age at which they make these transitions. By contrast, women’s academic careers differ from those of men both in terms of timing and in terms of rates, with women’s PhDs and full professorships seemingly delayed compared to those of men. We additionally show with the help of a 2015 cross-section of Finnish professors how such differences are easily overlooked in cross-sectional data.
Schlagwörter:Bildung; academic (female); gender; Akademikerin; education; Chancengleichheit; Hochschulbildung; academy; Gender; equality of rights; Akademie; Karriere; Finland; woman; Gleichberechtigung; Akademiker; equal opportunity; Finnland; career; university level of education; academic
SSOAR Kategorie:Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Representation of women in the news: balancing between career and family life
Autor/in:
Vandenberghe, Hanne
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 4-12
Inhalt: An in-depth literature review showed that women, despite their increasingly prominent roles worldwide, continue to be persistently underrepresented and stereotyped in news media. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the representation of women changed over time in two Dutch-speaking Belgian newspapers De Standaard and Het Laatste Nieuws. An automated quantitative content analysis revealed that there is no increase of the number of women in the newspapers between 2005 and 2015. On the contrary, women are significantly less represented over time in the popular newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws. A qualitative analysis on two cases about women stepping into a leadership position -in 2012 (Catherine De Bolle as head of the Federal police) and in 2014 (Dominique Leroy as CEO of a Belgian telecom company)- showed that the press emphasised their femininity, their being a role model for other women, their being part of a family and having certain looks. Moreover, these women are clearly portrayed as "the best candidate" pointing at the selection procedures and their capabilities to perform professionally. Probably, this strong emphasis is a way of justifying that these women are not selected because of positive discrimination. Further analysis of cases of both men and women stepping into top positions across countries and media platforms is recommended.
Quelle: Flensburg (Schriftenreihe für erweiterte Replikationen, Crowdsourcing und empirische Theorieüberprüfung, 3), 2019. 8 S
Inhalt: Das Problem der ’männlichen Depression’ besteht darin, dass Männer von einer falsch-negativen Diagnose von Depression stärker betroffen sind als Frauen. Einige Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass sich das für Männer erhöhte Risiko einer Fehldiagnose mit einer spezifisch 'männlichen' Ausprägung von Depressionserkrankungen erklären lässt. Zudem wird vermutet, dass es geschlechts- und gender-spezifische Risikofaktoren für Depression
gibt. Beide Fragen - nach der geschlechtsspezifischen Symptomatik und den geschlechts- bzw. gender-spezifischen Prädiktoren - werden mit Surveydaten empirisch untersucht. Die Vermutung typisch 'männlicher' Depressionssymptome kann bestätigt werden. Von den untersuchten Risikofaktoren hat lediglich das Vorliegen einer chronischen Erkrankung einen
geschlechtsspezifischen Effekt auf das Risiko, an einer Depression zu erkranken.
Der Aufbruch der Frauen in der SPD: Die Entwicklung der Frauenarbeitsgemeinschaft (ASF) während der 1970er und 1980er Jahre
Autor/in:
Eyssen, Susanne
Quelle: Opladen, 2019. 463 S
Inhalt: Die SPD vollzog in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren einen beachtlichen frauenpolitischen Wandel: Sie richtete ihre Frauen- und Familienpolitik neu aus, übernahm feministische Ziele in das Grundsatzprogramm und führte eine Geschlechterquote ein, um den Anteil der weiblichen Parteimitglieder in Parteifunktionen und politischen Ämtern zu erhöhen. Die Studie erzählt die Geschichte dieses Umbruchs mithilfe von ZeitzeugInnen-Interviews und einer umfangreichen Sichtung der Parteidokumente.
Schlagwörter:SPD; Social Democratic Party of Germany; Frauenpolitik; women's policy; Familienpolitik; family policy; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Macht; power; Parteipolitik; party politics; Partei; party; Organisationsstruktur; organizational structure; soziale Bewegung; social movement; politische Partizipation; political participation; Frauenbewegung; women's movement; Feminismus; feminism; Quote; quota; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, Organisationssoziologie, Militärsoziologie
