Can child care policy encourage employment and fertility? : evidence from a structural model
Titelübersetzung:Kann die Kinderfürsorgepolitik Beschäftigung und Fertilität fördern?
Autor/in:
Haan, Peter; Wrohlich, Katharina
Quelle: Max-Planck-Institut für demografische Forschung; Rostock (MPIDR Working Paper, 2009-025), 2009. 30 S.
Inhalt: "In this paper we develop a structural model of female employment and fertility which accounts for intertemporal feedback effects between the two outcomes. We identify the effect of financial incentives on the employment and fertility decision by exploiting variation in the tax and transfer system which differs by employment state and number of children. To this end we simulate in detail the effects of the tax and transfer system including child care costs. The model provides estimates of structural preferences of women which can be used to study the effect of various policy reforms. In particular, we show that increasing child care subsidies conditional on employment increases labor supply of all women as well as fertility of the childless and highly educated women." (author's abstract)
Eignet sich das Mikrozensus-Panel für familiensoziologische Fragestellungen? : Untersuchung am Beispiel der Frage nach den ökonomischen Determinanten der Familiengründung
Titelübersetzung:Can we use the micro-census panel for studying family dynamics? : first applications on the economic determinants of family formation
Quelle: Max-Planck-Institut für demografische Forschung; Rostock (MPIDR Working Paper, 2009-024), 2009. 32 S.
Inhalt: "Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das Analysepotential des Mikrozensus-Panels für familiensoziologische Fragestellungen darzustellen. Dazu wird zunächst aufgezeigt, wie die Daten in Episodenformat aufgearbeitet werden können, um ereignisanalytische Modelle des Geburtenverhaltens zu schätzen. Im Anschluss daran wird ein Modell zu den ökonomischen Determinanten des Übergangs zur Erstelternschaft vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die spezifisch methodischen Probleme des Mikrozensus für Fertilitätsanalysen adressiert. In einer Sensitivitätsanalyse wird geprüft, inwiefern der Ausfall der räumlich mobilen Personen die Ergebnisse verzerrt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kritischen Reflektion über die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Mikrozensus-Panels für Fertilitätsanalysen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The German microcensus is a rotating panel in which respondents are interviewed once per year for four years in a row. Recently, the microcensus panel 1996-1999 has been made available for scientific usage. This paper discusses the potential of the microcensus panel for investigations in the field of fertility research. In the first part of the paper, we demonstrate how the data can be transformed into spell format so that event history models can be applied. Respondents become 'under observation' when they are interviewed for the first time in 1996. The 'risk set' are female respondents aged 16-38 who are childless at first interview. They contribute exposure time to our investigation until the last interview is conducted or have a first child. Based on this data set up, we have estimated a first birth model. Estimates are very much in line with previous findings on fertility behavior in Germany. But even though that our first investigations provide reasonable results, there are several shortcomings of the data, which we also discussed: First, fertility histories are not surveyed in the microcensus. As others have done before, we have reconstructed fertility careers of female respondents based on the ages and numbers of the children who live in the same family unit. This procedure gives fairly good results for female respondents who are below age 39 at time of interview. Older respondents, and therefore fertility at higher ages, cannot be investigated with this data. A second drawback is that there are no monthly employment histories available. However, information on the employment status at time of interview can be used. We assumed here that the employment status that we measure at time of interview is fixed for the period of twelve months after interview. This is a very strong assumption for some indicators, such as unemployment. However, for other employment indicators (such as whether the person is working in a public or private enterprise, whether the working contract is term-limited or not) this assumption should not be problematic. A third downturn of the data is panel-attrition. The microcensus is a household-survey. When respondents leave the household, they are not surveyed any longer. This involves that panel-attrition is related to residential mobility. In a 'sensitivity analysis' we show that panel attrition does not seem to bias our investigations. The paper concludes with a critical discussion on the scope and limits of the microcensus panel for fertility investigations." (author's abstract)
The social situation in the European Union 2007 : social cohesion through equal opportunities
Titelübersetzung:Die soziale Lage in der Europäischen Union 2007
Herausgeber/in:
Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission
Quelle: Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission; Brüssel, 2008. 199 S.
Inhalt: "The 2007 Social Situation Report presents some key findings from the EU's new tool for monitoring the social situation and, in the future, social trends, namely the EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions). It looks at income inequality and how this is related to economic performance and at how people on low incomes are distributed across the EU as a whole. Incomes are more evenly distributed within the EU than in the US, and in the EU a high level of economic performance often goes hand in hand with greater equality. In 2004, around 100 million Europeans (22% of the total population) had less than 60% of the EU median income of around EURO 8000 per year for a single person or EURO 22 a day. In a majority of member states the largest segment of the population at risk of poverty consists of couples with one or two children where one of the partners is not working (at least throughout the year) - the 'male breadwinner' family type. Single parents, while being exposed to a high risk of poverty, represent a large share of the population at risk of poverty only in countries where this type of household is widespread." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Demographie und Bevölkerungsfragen, Europa und Internationales, Statistik und statistische Daten, Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis
Emanzipation oder Kindergeld? : was die neue Familienpolitik Deutschlands von anderen europäischen Ländern gelernt hat
Titelübersetzung:Emancipation or child benefits? : what Germany's new family policy has learned from other European countries
Autor/in:
Kröhnert, Steffen; Klingholz, Reiner
Quelle: Berlin (Studie / Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung), 2008. 26 S.
Inhalt: "The present analysis compares the social conditions for different fertility rates in the nations of western Europe based on an array of socioeconomic indicators. It shows clearly that the traditionally negative correlation between wealth and social development on the one hand and fertility on the other no longer holds once a society has reached a certain level of development. Today more children are born in the countries with the most advanced social systems in regard to gender equality. Based on this result, we propose to discuss the problem of low-fertility countries from a different point of view. Neither child benefits nor other sources of financial aid appear to motivate people in modern industrial societies to have more children. What is far more crucial is equality of men and women in society." (author's abstract)