Navigating between two cultures: immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women
Autor/in:
Pessin, Léa; Arpino, Bruno
Quelle: Demographic Research, 38 (2018) , S 967-1016
Inhalt: Background: Gender attitudes toward women’s employment are of particular importance because they positively influence gender-equal outcomes in the labor market. Our understanding of the mechanisms that promote egalitarian gender attitudes among immigrants, however, remains limited. Objective: By studying first- and second-generation immigrants from multiple origins and living in different countries, this article seeks to explain under what conditions the prevalent cultural attitudes toward gender roles at the origin and destination influence immigrants' gender attitudes. We address three main research questions. First, does the country-of-origin gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? Second, does the country-of-destination gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? And third, are these relationships moderated by (1) the immigrant generation; (2) the age at arrival in the country of destination; (3) the length of residence at the destination? Methods: Using data from the European Social Survey, we model immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women by using linear cross-classified models to account for clustering into the country of origin and destination. Results: The results highlight the importance of the context of early socialization in shaping immigrants' gender attitudes. First-generation immigrants, and more specifically adult migrants, hold gender attitudes that reflect more strongly the country of origin’s gender culture. In contrast, the positive association between gender ideology at destination and immigrants' gender attitudes is stronger among second-generation immigrants and child migrants. Contribution: We add to the literature on gender ideology formation by analyzing the influence of gender ideology at the origin and destination levels on the gender attitudes of immigrants from 96 countries of origin and residing across 32 countries of destination.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Wertorientierung; first generation; gender role; erste Generation; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; Migrant; Sozialisation; Geschlechtsrolle; socialization; country of origin; second generation; Einwanderung; berufstätige Frau; cultural factors; attitude; migrant; Herkunftsland; working woman; gender-specific factors; immigration; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Einstellung; zweite Generation; cross-classified model; European Social Survey; European Values Study; female labor force participation; gender attitudes; World Values Survey
Family migration in a cross-national perspective: the importance of within-couple employment arrangements in
Australia, Britain, Germany, and Sweden
Autor/in:
Vidal, Sergi; Perales, Francisco; Lersch, Philipp M.; Brandén, Maria
Quelle: Demographic Research, 36 (2017) , S 307-338
Inhalt: Objective: Migration rates of dual-earner couples are lower than those of male-breadwinner couples. We revisit this issue using a cross-national comparative perspective and examine heterogeneity in the role of female employment in couple relocations. We propose a theoretical framework in which national levels of support for female employment and normative expectations about gender roles act as moderators of the relationship between couple type (i.e., dual-earner and male-breadwinner) and family migration. Methods: We deploy discrete-time event history analyses of harmonised longitudinal data from four large-scale datasets from Australia, Britain, Germany, and Sweden, covering the 1992-2011 period. Results: Consistent with prior research, we find that male-breadwinner couples migrate more often than dual-earner couples in all countries, suggesting that traditional gender structures affecting family migration operate across very different contexts. We also find cross-country differences in the estimated effects of different sorts of absolute and relative partner resources on family migration. Conclusions: We take our results as preliminary evidence that national contexts can serve as moderators of the relationship between within-couple employment arrangements and family migration decisions. Contribution: Our study contributes to family migration literature by illustrating how cross-national comparisons are a valuable methodological approach to put prevailing micro-level explanations of the relationship between female employment and family migration in context.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Migration; migration; regionale Mobilität; regional mobility; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Familienpolitik; family policy; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; Australien; Australia; Großbritannien; Great Britain; Federal Republic of Germany; Schweden; Sweden; cross-national comparison; dual-earner couples; event history analysis; family migration; institutional context
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Quelle: Demographic Research, 36 (2017) 23, S 691-728
Inhalt: Background: This article questions the demographic consequences of birth postponement in Europe. Objective: Starting from the fact that there is no obvious link between the timing of first births and fertility levels in Europe, we find that under certain circumstances, birth postponement potentially facilitates rather than impedes starting a family. Methods: We apply a synthetic cohort approach and distinguish between different socioeconomic determinants of the timing of first births by using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Data is compiled specifically to reduce endogeneity and to eliminate structure effects. Results: We find that the probability of becoming a mother is higher for women who postpone first childbirth due to education and career investment than for women who postpone due to unrealized labour market integration. Conclusions: Educated and economically active women certainly postpone first childbirth in comparison to women who are less educated and who are not working, but they end up with a higher probability of starting a family. Contribution: The article contributes to the academic discussion of circumstances that may lead to birth postponement resulting in higher fertility for younger cohorts in European countries.
Time Squeeze, Partner Effect or Self-Selection? An Investigation into the Positive Effect of Women's Education on Second Birth Risks in West Germany
Autor/in:
Kreyenfeld, Michaela
Quelle: Demographic Research, 7 (2002) 2, S 15-48
Inhalt: This paper investigates the role of women’s education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman’s education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women’s education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. family-oriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner’s characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative.
Schlagwörter:Bildung; education; Mikrozensus; microcensus; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Federal Republic of Germany; Geburt; birth; Partnerwahl; choice of partner; second births
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie