Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Inhalt: Die zunehmende Prekarisierung von Erwerbsarbeit ist in modernen Gesellschaften oftmals Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Debatten. Häufig bleiben dabei die Prekarität von Reproduktionsarbeit und die Prekarisierung von ganzen Lebenszusammenhängen bei Frauen wenig berücksichtigt, obwohl der gesellschaftliche Bedarf an Care-Work kontinuierlich wächst und Frauen für Prekarität besonders anfällig sind. Anhand einer Fallstudie, in der die subjektiven Deutungen sowie latente Sinnstrukturen mit Hilfe der objektiven Hermeneutik einer in mehreren Pflegetätigkeiten eingebundenen Frau herausgestellt werden, wird in diesem Artikel dargelegt, welche Konsequenzen sich aus prekärer (Care-)Arbeit für den gesamten Lebenszusammenhang ergeben können, wie dieser subjektiv wahrgenommen wird und unter welchen Bedingungen die Vereinbarkeit von Pflege im Beruf und in der Familie mit Privatleben gelingen kann.
Navigating between two cultures: immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women
Autor/in:
Pessin, Léa; Arpino, Bruno
Quelle: Demographic Research, 38 (2018) , S 967-1016
Inhalt: Background: Gender attitudes toward women’s employment are of particular importance because they positively influence gender-equal outcomes in the labor market. Our understanding of the mechanisms that promote egalitarian gender attitudes among immigrants, however, remains limited. Objective: By studying first- and second-generation immigrants from multiple origins and living in different countries, this article seeks to explain under what conditions the prevalent cultural attitudes toward gender roles at the origin and destination influence immigrants' gender attitudes. We address three main research questions. First, does the country-of-origin gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? Second, does the country-of-destination gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? And third, are these relationships moderated by (1) the immigrant generation; (2) the age at arrival in the country of destination; (3) the length of residence at the destination? Methods: Using data from the European Social Survey, we model immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women by using linear cross-classified models to account for clustering into the country of origin and destination. Results: The results highlight the importance of the context of early socialization in shaping immigrants' gender attitudes. First-generation immigrants, and more specifically adult migrants, hold gender attitudes that reflect more strongly the country of origin’s gender culture. In contrast, the positive association between gender ideology at destination and immigrants' gender attitudes is stronger among second-generation immigrants and child migrants. Contribution: We add to the literature on gender ideology formation by analyzing the influence of gender ideology at the origin and destination levels on the gender attitudes of immigrants from 96 countries of origin and residing across 32 countries of destination.
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Wertorientierung; first generation; gender role; erste Generation; value-orientation; kulturelle Faktoren; Migrant; Sozialisation; Geschlechtsrolle; socialization; country of origin; second generation; Einwanderung; berufstätige Frau; cultural factors; attitude; migrant; Herkunftsland; working woman; gender-specific factors; immigration; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Einstellung; zweite Generation; cross-classified model; European Social Survey; European Values Study; female labor force participation; gender attitudes; World Values Survey
Women’s Labour, Kinship, and Economic Changes in Jinmen in the Era of Authoritarian Rule
Autor/in:
Chiu, Hsiao-Chiao
Quelle: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 47 (2018) 2, S 193-218
Inhalt: This article uses the life stories of three women in Jinmen to demonstrate women’s economic agency in bettering the livelihood of their families in circumstances largely shaped by Cold War geopolitics and the authoritarian state’s military strategies. It argues that women’s devotion of their labour and earnings to their families was part of the reproductive processes of the kinship system, but also important to their building of social reputation and emotional ties with their loved ones. Moreover, the state’s campaign to protect traditional Chinese culture, framed within bipolar politics, supported the ideological reproduction of women’s primary roles being in the domestic sphere. While the lives of Jinmen civilians were significantly distorted in the Cold War era, their experiences of economic improvement and a certain stability in their ways of life – revolving around kinship – account for the ambivalence they now feel towards the period of authoritarian rule.
Schlagwörter:Taiwan; Taiwan; autoritäres System; authoritarian system; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Verwandtschaft; kinship; Lebensbedingungen; living conditions; Lebenslauf; life career; Reputation; reputation; Militärregierung; military government; wirtschaftliche Faktoren; economic factors; gender-specific factors; soziale Umwelt; social environment; Kalter Krieg; cold war; Geopolitik; geopolitics; Feldforschung; field research; Social Sciences; Anthropology; Taiwan; militarised authoritarianism; kinship; female labour; learning and economic agency
SSOAR Kategorie:Allgemeines zu den Sozialwissenschaften, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Sozialwissenschaften
Ein- und Ausschlüsse durch Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik: das Normalarbeitsverhältnis als vergeschlechtlichtes Macht und Herrschaftsverhältnis
Titelübersetzung:In- and exclusion processes through labour market and social policy: theorizing power and dominance in the standard employment relationship
Autor/in:
Lepperhoff, Julia; Scheele, Alexandra
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 26 (2017) 1, S 88-102
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der hohen Bedeutung von Erwerbsarbeit als Medium der Vergesellschaftung wird in dem Beitrag das sogenannte Normalarbeitsverhältnis, das Normalität und Norm von Erwerbsarbeit in Deutschland abbildet, problematisiert. Mit Bezug auf drei unterschiedliche feministische Machtkonzeptionen wird diese arbeits- und sozialpolitisch zentrale Institution als Macht- und Herrschaftsverhältnis theoretisiert und gezeigt, dass diese den Ausschluss von Frauen geradezu voraussetzt, Geschlechterungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der sozialen Sicherung zementiert und damit in letzter Konsequenz ein Wandel in den Geschlechterverhältnissen und eine egalitäre gesellschaftliche Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern verhindert. Auf den Spuren eines neuen Normalarbeitsverhältnisses wird schließlich der Ansatz soziabler Arbeit, der Erwerbsarbeit in ihrem gesellschaftlichen Kontext begreift, als neues Leitbild konturiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Based on the great importance of gainful employment as a medium of socialization, this article analyses the so-called standard employment relationship, which represents the normality and norm of gainful employment in Germany. With regard to three different feminist power contexts, this core labour and social policy institution is theorized as a power and domination relationship that virtually requires the exclusion of women, makes gender inequalities within the labour market and in regards to social security permanent, and that ultimately prevents changes in gender relations. The article further argues that the institution thereby acts as a barrier for an egalitarian social participation of women and men. In order to develop a framework for a new standard employment relationship, the authors outline a new concept for conceptualizing employment. This concept comprehends employment in its social context and as a result provides a basis for gender equality." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Normalarbeitsverhältnis; standard employment relationship; prekäre Beschäftigung; precarious employment; woman; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Macht; power; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; soziale Sicherung; social security; Emanzipation; emancipation; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen
Gender role attitudes in Italy: 1988-2008 - a path-dependency story of traditionalism
Autor/in:
Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: European Societies, 19 (2017) 4, S 370-395
Inhalt: Considering gender role attitudes as part of a broader cultural change related to the modernization process, this study adopts a path-dependency approach to analyze the support for the role of women in the public sphere in Italy since 1988. Modernization processes varied across Italian regions and the paper explores how different gender patterns developed accordingly. Using pooled data from European Values Survey, World Values Survey, and International Social Survey Program, the author assesses if this specific change is part of the postmaterialist shift and investigates the mechanisms of change carrying out cohort decomposition methods. The results address a reinforcement of traditionalism mainly due to the period effect that shows regional differences given by history.
Barriers to women's representation in academic excellence and positions of power
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 2 (2017) , S 1-13
Inhalt: "Nearly for half a century women's advancement in the workplace has been in a debate. Women’s under-represented in higher education institutions and universities across the globe, and especially in the most powerful or influential posts, is well established. Despite gender equality commitments and women's educational attainment, still, they are underrepresented. Regions and countries may vary in term of culture, achievements and development, but barriers for women's representation in academia are surprisingly similar in many regions. It is found that there are several barriers which women might be experiencing in academia ranging from personal, organizational to societal." (author's abstract)
Essalltag und Arbeitsteilung von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen - eine quantitative Analyse auf Basis der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungsdaten 2012/13 und 2001/02
Titelübersetzung:Everyday food routines and division of labor in two-parent households - a quantitative analysis based on the German representative Time Use Survey 2012/13 and 2001/02
Autor/in:
Klünder, Nina; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 2, S 179-201
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag untersucht die zeitliche Gestaltung sowie die innerfamiliale Arbeitsteilung des Essalltags von Müttern und Vätern in Paarbeziehungen differenziert nach deren Erwerbsumfang. Die Sekundäranalyse erfolgt auf Basis der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungsdaten 2012/13 und 2001/02, wobei drei Paarkonstellationen untersucht werden: Doppelverdiener-Paare, weibliche Zuverdiener-Paare sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Die Analyse des Essalltags zeigt, dass der Erwerbsstatus der Mutter die zeitliche Gestaltung des Essalltags beeinflusst. Je höher dieser ist, desto weniger Zeit wird für die Ernährungsversorgung aufgewendet. Darüber hinaus hat sich die tägliche Zeitverwendung für die Ernährungsversorgung von 2001/02 bis 2012/13 reduziert, wobei die stärksten Einsparungen bei vollzeiterwerbstätigen Müttern zu konstatieren sind. Väter engagieren sich verstärkt am Wochenende bei der Mahlzeitenzubereitung, gleichwohl liegt die Verantwortung insgesamt bei den Müttern. Ebenso beeinflussen Alter und Anzahl der Kinder die Zeitverwendung für die Ernährungsversorgung. Letztlich kann in keiner untersuchten Paarkonstellation eine egalitäre Arbeitsteilung zur Gestaltung des Essalltags festgestellt werden. Vielmehr dominieren relativ ausgeprägte geschlechtsspezifische Arrangements." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The article examines the division of labor for everyday food routines of two-parent households depending on their labor force participation. Using data from the representative German Time Use Survey 2001/02 and 2012/13, three different pairs were formed: dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and male-breadwinner couples Findings show that mother’s employment influences the time used for everyday food routines: It was found that the higher the employment rate of mothers, the less time was spent on food routine activities. Furthermore, the daily time used for everyday food routines was reduced from 2001/02 to 2012/13. The largest reductions were seen in the group of mothers working fulltime. Besides that, fathers were more engaged in meal preparation on the weekends, although the responsibility was the mother’s. In addition, the age and number of children in a household influenced the time used for everyday food routines. However, none of the examined pair constellations can help determine an egalitarian division of everyday food routines. There is still a labor division by gender." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Eltern; parents; Ernährung; nutrition; Essverhalten; eating behavior; Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Mutter; mother; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Hausarbeit; housework; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Family migration in a cross-national perspective: the importance of within-couple employment arrangements in
Australia, Britain, Germany, and Sweden
Autor/in:
Vidal, Sergi; Perales, Francisco; Lersch, Philipp M.; Brandén, Maria
Quelle: Demographic Research, 36 (2017) , S 307-338
Inhalt: Objective: Migration rates of dual-earner couples are lower than those of male-breadwinner couples. We revisit this issue using a cross-national comparative perspective and examine heterogeneity in the role of female employment in couple relocations. We propose a theoretical framework in which national levels of support for female employment and normative expectations about gender roles act as moderators of the relationship between couple type (i.e., dual-earner and male-breadwinner) and family migration. Methods: We deploy discrete-time event history analyses of harmonised longitudinal data from four large-scale datasets from Australia, Britain, Germany, and Sweden, covering the 1992-2011 period. Results: Consistent with prior research, we find that male-breadwinner couples migrate more often than dual-earner couples in all countries, suggesting that traditional gender structures affecting family migration operate across very different contexts. We also find cross-country differences in the estimated effects of different sorts of absolute and relative partner resources on family migration. Conclusions: We take our results as preliminary evidence that national contexts can serve as moderators of the relationship between within-couple employment arrangements and family migration decisions. Contribution: Our study contributes to family migration literature by illustrating how cross-national comparisons are a valuable methodological approach to put prevailing micro-level explanations of the relationship between female employment and family migration in context.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Migration; migration; regionale Mobilität; regional mobility; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Familienpolitik; family policy; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; Australien; Australia; Großbritannien; Great Britain; Federal Republic of Germany; Schweden; Sweden; cross-national comparison; dual-earner couples; event history analysis; family migration; institutional context
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Gender role attitudes in Italy: 1988-2008 - a path-dependency story of traditionalism
Autor/in:
Lomazzi, Vera
Quelle: European Societies, 19 (2017) 4, S 370-395
Inhalt: Considering gender role attitudes as part of a broader cultural change related to the modernization process, this study adopts a path-dependency approach to analyze the support for the role of women in the public sphere in Italy since 1988. Modernization processes varied across Italian regions and the paper explores how different gender patterns developed accordingly. Using pooled data from European Values Survey, World Values Survey, and International Social Survey Program, the author assesses if this specific change is part of the postmaterialist shift and investigates the mechanisms of change carrying out cohort decomposition methods. The results address a reinforcement of traditionalism mainly due to the period effect that shows regional differences given by history.