Gender-specific patterns and determinants of spillover between work and family: The role of partner support in dual-earner couples
Titelübersetzung:Geschlechtsspezifische Muster und Determinanten von Rollenkonflikten zwischen Arbeit und Familie: Der Einfluss partnerschaftlicher Unterstützung in Zweiverdienerpaaren
Autor/in:
Adams, Ayhan; Golsch, Katrin
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 33 (2021) 1, S 72-97
Inhalt: Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood. Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts. Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship. Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women’s family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners’ support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts. Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; Federal Republic of Germany; partner support; work-family spillover; gender; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam, release 9.1), wave 6 to 10
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Der Einfluss der beruflichen Geschlechtersegregation und beruflicher Arbeitszeitarrangements auf Teilzeitarbeit: Gleiche Übergangsbedingungen für Frauen und Männer?
Titelübersetzung:The Influence of Occupational Sex Segregation and Occupational Working Time Arrangements on Part-time Work: Equal Opportunities for Women and Men?
Autor/in:
Althaber, Agnieszka; Leuze, Kathrin
Quelle: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, (2020)
Inhalt: Teilzeitarbeit gilt in Deutschland als ein wichtiges Instrument für die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie. Bisherige Erklärungen von Teilzeitarbeit fokussieren vorrangig auf Frauen und diskutieren individuelle, haushaltsbezogene und institutionelle Faktoren. Männer sowie berufsstrukturelle Einflussfaktoren auf Teilzeitarbeit wurden bislang jedoch kaum adressiert. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir daher die Bedeutung von Berufsmerkmalen für Übergänge von Vollzeit- in Teilzeitbeschäftigung von Frauen und Männern zwischen 1992 und 2015 in Deutschland. Im Fokus steht die Frage, inwiefern die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation und berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements als Rahmenbedingungen den Übergang in Teilzeit erklären können und ob sie geschlechterdifferente Effekte aufweisen. Unsere theoretischen Überlegungen basieren auf Krügers Institutionenansatz und Ackers Ansatz der Gendered Organizations. Für die Analysen werden Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6) mit aggregierten beruflichen Merkmalen, basierend auf dem Mikrozensus, kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse der Cox Proportional Hazard-Modelle zeigen, dass weniger die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation, sondern vor allem berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements Übergänge in Teilzeit beeinflussen, allerdings auf geschlechterdifferenzierte Weise. Während die Vielarbeitsnorm in Berufen, gemessen an Vollzeitarbeit und Überstunden, Teilzeitarbeit für Männer verhindert, gehen Frauen unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit über.
Schlagwörter:Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitszeit; working hours; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitszeitnormen; Ereignisdatenanalyse; event history analysis; ideal worker norm; occupations; Nationales Bildungspanel NEPS SC6 SUF 7.0.0; Mikrozensus 1993-2012
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Work-Family Arrangement and Conflict: Do Individual Gender Role Attitudes and National Gender Culture Matter?
Autor/in:
Bornatici, Christina; Heers, Marieke
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 46-60
Inhalt: This article examines the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and individuals' perceived work–family conflict (WFC), considering individuals’ attitudes towards gender roles and national gender culture in 37 countries (N = 15,114). Previous research has shown that WFC depends on work and family demands and has mostly accounted for absolute time spent in paid and domestic work. We hypothesize that WFC depends on couples' work-family arrangement in terms of time spent in paid, domestic and care work. We further expect that the relationship between couples' work-family arrangement and WFC depends on individuals' gender attitudes and national gender culture. To test these assumptions, we use the ISSP-2012 data and apply multilevel linear regression analyses. The findings indicate that an egalitarian work-family arrangement - that is, sharing paid, domestic and care work equally with one's partner - is associated with lower levels of WFC. Moreover, individuals with egalitarian gender attitudes and an egalitarian work-family arrangement experience less WFC than individuals with inconsistent attitudes and behaviours. Individuals with consistent traditional attitudes and behaviours experience the most conflict. Finally, a more egalitarian gender culture relates to less WFC. Cross-level interactions indicate that the relationship between work-family arrangement and WFC is not mediated by countries' gender culture.
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; gender-specific factors; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Hausarbeit; housework; Betreuung; care; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison; care work; couple dynamics; gender culture; gender role; work–family arrangement; work–family conflict; ISSP 2012
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Agency and Capabilities in Managerial Positions: Hungarian Fathers' Use of Workplace Flexibility
Autor/in:
Geszler, Nikolett
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 4, S 61-71
Inhalt: This article analyses the agency freedom of manager fathers in Hungary to claim work-family balance through corporate flexible working arrangements. Hobson’s interpretation of Sen’s capability approach (Hobson, Fahlén, & Takács, 2011) is applied to appraise the effect of individual resources and organizational and national context on managers' work-family balance, as well as their influence on organizational culture. An interview-based case study was undertaken at the Hungarian subsidiary of a Scandinavian multinational company, wherein 43 personal interviews were conducted with fathers in managerial positions. The interviews were analysed according to structuring qualitative content analysis. Managers benefitted from corporate flexibility (home office and flexible schedule), but experienced power asymmetries in terms of access to and use of the former according to hierarchy and department. Even though the men in these positions are assumed to be change agents, the majority of them perceived limited agency freedom to convert flexible working into work-family balance, or to influence organizational culture. The privileged position of managers was detected at the level of their individual agency. Most managers could economically afford to maintain a male breadwinner model. Therefore, limitations related to securing parental and flexibility rights were due to traditional gender norms, and the strong sense of entitlement to work. Consequently, the extent and means of use of flexibility did not challenge deeply rooted assumptions about ideal employee norms.
It's getting late today, please do the laundry: The influence of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor
Autor/in:
Stenpaß, Anna; Kley, Stefanie
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 32 (2020) 2, S 274-306
Inhalt: The study examines the effect of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor in heterosexual couples. A long journey to work can affect other areas of life. Commuters often have lower life satisfaction and their intimate relationships may be impaired by mental stress. When looking at domestic labor the question arises of who is in charge of managing the household and childcare. Do women still adopt the "lion's share of housework" or take over the "second shift" if they spend part of the day on long commutes to work and back home? A long commute is defined as a journey to work of at least 45 minutes, daily or several times a week. We present the results of pooled regression analysis and fixed effects regressions conducted on data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2016. The pooled analysis suggests a moderate association between a woman’s long commute and her partner's engagement in housework and childcare, especially when she commutes daily. Instead of living 'reversed roles', the partners share such tasks. However, when the association between a woman's long commute and her partner's engagement in childcare is estimated exclusively with fixed regression, it remains significant. If the man is a long-distance commuter, most often his partner is solely responsible for all household tasks. Relative labor market position and income distribution within the couples, as well as adherence to gender roles explain the effects of long-distance commuting on labor division.
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Partnerschaft; partnership; Pendler; commuter; Arbeitsweg; way to work; psychische Belastung; psychological stress; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Doing Gender; doing gender; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender ideology; long-distance commuting; job-related spatial mobility; bargaining theory; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (2013, 2015, 2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 99-130
Inhalt: The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Gleichstellung; Arbeitsteilung; Sweden; Familienpolitik; gender role; Familie-Beruf; Italien; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Kanada; Geschlechtsrolle; Norway; Geburtenentwicklung; labor force participation; Norwegen; Finnland; family policy; United States of America; Fruchtbarkeit; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Schweden; France; division of labor; Spanien; USA; Großbritannien; Finland; woman; Frankreich; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century; Niederlande; two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 9 (2017) 1, S 82-98
Inhalt: "Anhand zweier Datensätze von Interviews, die mit katarischen Studentinnen und Professorinnen durchgeführt wurden, werden die Hindernisse auf dem Weg hin zu einer geschlechterinklusiven Erwerbsbeteiligung untersucht. Der erste Datensatz ist das Ergebnis eines Projekts, das die Disparitäten zwischen Bildungsabschluss und Erwerbsbeteiligung unter katarischen Frauen untersucht. 274 junge Frauen im Alter von 17 bis 25 Jahren wurden mit dem Ziel befragt, einige der Gründe nachzuzeichnen, warum katarische Frauen nicht ins Berufsleben treten. Der zweite Datensatz bündelt die Ergebnisse von 350 Fokusgruppendiskussionen und Interviews mit Studentinnen. Hier wurde die Auswirkung von deren höherer Bildung auf deren Heiratsfähigkeit untersucht. Ihre Bildung hat - im Vergleich zu den Generationen ihrer Mütter und Großmütter - zu einer Erhöhung des Heiratsalters geführt, aber die sozialen Erwartungen an Frauen, die Rolle der Ehefrau und Mutter zu erfüllen, führen weiterhin dazu, dass eine Heirat die Arbeit einer Frau außerhalb des Hauses einschränken kann." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "We offer observations about the obstacles to promoting a gender-inclusive labor force based on two sets of data on female Qatari students and professionals. Data set 1 is the result of a project pertaining to the disparity between education and employment among Qatari women. We surveyed 274 young women between the ages of 17 and 25 with the aim of understanding some of the reasons why Qatari women were not entering the workforce. Data set 2 derives from 350 focus groups and interviews with female students to assess the effect their tertiary education had on their marriageability. While education has delayed the age of marriage when this generation of women is compared with that of their mothers and grandmothers, the social expectations of becoming a wife and ensuing motherhood mean that marriage can restrict a woman's working outside the home." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Katar; Qatar; Persischer Golf; Persian Gulf; woman; soziale Norm; social norm; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Heirat; wedding; Ehe; marriage; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance
"Involvierte" Väter zwischen Beruf und Familie: zur Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen
Titelübersetzung:Involved fathers between work and family life: re/production of masculinity in negotiations within couples
Autor/in:
Peukert, Almut
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 29 (2017) 1, S 90-113
Inhalt: "Ausgehend von der in der Männlichkeitsforschung diskutierten These, 'involvierte' Väterlichkeit stehe im Widerspruch zum Leitbild erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag Kontinuitäten und Wandel in der Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit bei Vätern untersucht. Mit dem interaktionstheoretischen Ansatz zu 'un/doing masculinity' liegt der Fokus auf der Her- und Darstellung von Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie der hierarchisierenden Abgrenzung zu Weiblichkeiten und nicht-hegemonialer Männlichkeiten im Paarkontext. Anhand von 27 qualitativen Paar- und Einzelinterviews werden - entlang der Dimensionen Berufs-/Karrierekonzept, finanzielle Versorgung der Familie und Elternzeitarrangement - drei Re/Produktionsformen erwerbszentrierter hegemonialer Männlichkeit rekonstruiert und diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Re/Produktion von Männlichkeiten in paarinternen Aushandlungen zu Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit fragil, herausgefordert oder episodisch ausgesetzt wird. Dies impliziert, dass auch die Aushandlungen auf der Paarebene zur Relationierung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, neben wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmungen und Arbeitsorganisationen, signifikante un/gleichheitsrelevante Folgen haben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Starting from the hypothesis discussed in research on masculinities and fathering that 'involved' fathering is incompatible with hegemonic masculinity, this paper examines continuity and change in interrelating work and family life by German fathers. Within the sociological frame of interaction theory on un/doing masculinity I focused on the production and presentation of gender differences and the hierarchizing demarcation against femininity and non-hegemonic masculinities within the couple. Based on 27 qualitative couples' and individual interviews, three forms of re/production of masculinity were constructed and discussed along the dimensions of vocational/career concepts, financial care of the family, and parental leave arrangements within the couple. The results show that the re/production of masculinities within negotiations of the couples regarding paid and family work are fragile, challenged, or episodically undone. This implies that in addition to welfare state policies and work organizations, the negotiations within the couple about their division of paid and unpaid work have significant consequences for the un/equality between the parents." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Vater; father; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Familienarbeit; family work; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Leitbild; example; Karriere; career; Dual Career Couple; dual career couple; Federal Republic of Germany; Väterforschung; Hegemoniale Männlichkeit; Aushandlungen; Paar
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Non-Marital Fertility in Europe: Development, Parents' Socioeconomic Resources and Social Context
Autor/in:
Mack, Alexander
Quelle: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften; Köln (GESIS-Schriftenreihe, 16), 2017. 208 S
Inhalt: In den letzten 50 Jahren haben sich die Lebensverläufe junger Menschen und ihre Familienbildung dramatisch verändert. Außereheliche Fertilität, von Alleinstehenden oder unverheirateten Paaren, ist einer der wichtigsten Indikatoren für diesen Prozess. Diese Studie betrachtet die Entwicklung außerehelicher Fertilität in Europa seit den 1960ern. Als zentraler Faktor für diese Entwicklung wird der Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Frau identifiziert. Auf Basis von Mehrebenenmodellen zeigt sich, dass Entscheidungsprozesse junger Eltern eng mit der Ausgestaltung des Wohlfahrtsstaates verknüpft sind. Im Speziellen ist das Heiratsverhalten junger Mütter davon geprägt, wie sie ihre sozioökonomischen Ressourcen am Arbeitsmarkt verwerten können.
Inhalt: Over the last 50 years the life courses of young people and their family formation behavior have undergone dramatic changes. Childbearing outside marriage, whether to single mothers or cohabiters, is one of the most prominent indicators of this process. This study outlines the development of childbearing outside of marriage in Europe since the 1960s. Changes in women‘s role in society are identified as the key factor driving this development. Utilizing the full potential of multi-level modeling the study finds that parents' decision making is mediated by country specific welfare arrangements. In particular, the degree to which women can utilize their socioeconomic resources in the labor market plays a key role in the decision whether or not to marry the father of their child.
Schlagwörter:Familiengründung; family formation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Alleinstehender; single; Ein-Eltern-Familie; single parent family; Lebensstil; life style; Familienform; family structure; nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft; domestic partnership; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Elternschaft; parenthood; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Europa; Europe
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Alte neue Ungleichheiten? Auflösungen und Neukonfigurationen von Erwerbs- und Familiensphäre. Opladen (Gender : Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft ; Sonderheft), 2017, S 9-23
Schlagwörter:Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Lebensweise; way of life; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Kinderbetreuung; child care; Elternschaft; parenthood; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Lebensplanung; life planning; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Familienpolitik; family policy
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie