Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Attempt for Explanation of Declining Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey through Test of Under-Participation Trap Hypothesis, Applied on Microfinance Survey Data
Autor/in:
Hes, Tomáš; Neradová, Alena; Srnec, Karel
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2013) 7, S 76-85
Inhalt: Labor markets of Turkey are characterized by low female labor force participation when compared with the OECD, neighbour states and EU averages. Besides, the female labor force participation exhibits an unexplained and suprising declining trend in the last decades. The paper attemps to illuminate the phenomenon searching for contingencies in data presented by working women in a microfinance clientele survey in suburban Ankara, especially focusing on status and family related interrelationships that could provide explanation for the low relative number of working women in labor markets of Turkey, testing the Under-participation trap hypothesis
Schlagwörter:Türkei; Turkey; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; social factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; Mikrofinanzierung; microfinance; Microcredit; TGMP; Under Participation Trap
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Rezension: Jutta Allmendinger, 2010: Verschenkte Potenziale? Lebensläufe nicht erwerbstätiger
Frauen
Autor/in:
Knüttel, Katharina
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 3, S 163-166
Schlagwörter:Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; woman; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lebenslauf; life career; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
On the changing correlation between fertility and female employment over space and time: a pooled time-series analysis on the impact of social indicators
Titelübersetzung:Zum Wandel der Korrelation von Fertilität und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Raum und Zeit: eine empirische Analyse unter Berücksichtigung der Effekte ausgewählter sozialer Indikatoren
Autor/in:
Engelhardt, Henriette
Quelle: Universität Bamberg, Fak. Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Professur für Demografie; Bamberg (Discussion Papers / Universität Bamberg, Professur für Demografie, 9), 2011. 26 S
Inhalt: "In OECD countries, the cross-country correlation between the total fertility rate and the female labour force participation rate turned from a negative value before the 1980s to a positive value thereafter. Based on pooled time-series analysis, the literature seems to agree that this change is due to unmeasured country and time heterogeneity with respect to female employment. However, the determinants of this heterogeneity remain unclear. Using data of 16 European countries from 1960-2005, the author estimates pooled time-series models of fertility and female labor force participation by applying Prais-Winsten regressions with fixed country and time effects and investigate the changing effect of female labor participation for a set of labor market, educational and demographic variables and indicators of social policy. The empirical findings reveal that the change in the correlation seems to be due to the increasing proportion of females employed part-time, increasing educational attainment of females, increasing age at first birth and increasing gross enrollment ratio of children in pre-primary education." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:women's employment; birth trend; fertility; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Europe; international comparison; Bildungsbeteiligung; determinants; woman; Europa; Geburtenentwicklung; internationaler Vergleich; labor force participation; Determinanten; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; participation in education; Fruchtbarkeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Bevölkerung
Gendering insiders and outsiders: labour market status and preferences for job security
Autor/in:
Emmenegger, Patrick
Quelle: University of Edinburgh, Publication and Dissemination Centre (PUDISCwowe); Edinburgh (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, REC-WP 02/2010), 2010. 36 S
Inhalt: This paper examines the role of gender in the relationship between labour market status and preferences for job security. We hypothesize that the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment suffers from a gender bias. It neither takes the possibility of family-related labour market transitions nor the role of the household situation (division of labour, presence of children, dual-earner households etc.) into account. We adapt the insider/ outsider theory of employment and unemployment by incorporating the, on average, higher number of labour market transitions experienced by women into the model using interaction effects and by conceptualising the household situation as mobility and responsibility effects. Contrary to our expectations, we find no significant effect of gender on preferences for job security, neither in interaction with labour market status nor as an independent effect. In contrast, we observe that individuals living together with their partners and main contributors to the household income consider job security to be particularly important.
Quelle: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (IAB); Nürnberg (IAB Forschungsbericht : Aktuelle Ergebnisse aus der Projektarbeit des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 4/2009), 2009. 70 S
Inhalt: "In den letzten Jahren ist die Integration von Frauen in den bundesdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt vorangekommen. Gleichwohl gibt es zwischen Männern und Frauen
nach wie vor Unterschiede in den Beschäftigungsmustern. Aus diesem Grund werden
in dem vorliegenden Forschungsbericht mit Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels 2008
die Beschäftigungsmuster von Männern und Frauen aus betrieblicher Perspektive
betrachtet: In welchen Betrieben sind Frauen beschäftigt? Unterscheiden sich Betriebe
mit einem hohen Frauenanteil von Betrieben mit einem niedrigen Frauenanteil?
Auch in konjunkturell schwachen Phasen muss vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen
Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes die Frage aufgeworfen werden, wie der Fachkräftebedarf
der Wirtschaft mittel- bis langfristig gedeckt werden kann und welche Potenziale erschlossen werden können? Angesichts der stark gestiegenen Bildungsbeteiligung
von Frauen mit der Folge einer Vielzahl von gut ausgebildeten weiblichen Fachkräften sollten Frauen bei der Rekrutierung von Fachkräften immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen.
Die Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels 2008 zeigen: Zwischen Betrieben mit einem hohen
Frauenanteil und Betrieben mit einem niedrigen Frauenanteil zeigen sich kaum
Unterschiede in den Beschäftigungsmustern von Frauen und Männern. Unabhängig
vom Frauenanteil sind Teilzeitbeschäftigung eine Frauendomäne und die Übernahme
von Führungspositionen eine Männerdomäne. Es kann vor allem ein Brancheneffekt nachgewiesen werden, weniger ein Größeneffekt. Betriebe mit einem hohen Frauenanteil gehören häufiger zu Branchen, in denen vor allem typisch weibliche Berufe nachgefragt werden; Betriebe mit einem niedrigen Frauenanteil gehören häufiger zu Branchen, in denen vor allem typisch männlich dominierte Berufe nachgefragt werden. Diese branchenspezifische Segregation auf Betriebsebene ist damit Resultat einer beruflichen Segregation auf Personenebene. Die bis 2008 gestiegene Nachfrage nach Fachkräften hat zu zunehmenden Problemen bei der Besetzung von Stellen für Fachkräfte geführt. Dieses Problem bestand vor allem im Bereich der Stellen, die einen Hochschul- oder Fachhochschulabschluss erfordern. Das gestiegene Angebot an gut ausgebildeten Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hat zu einer Zunahme von Einstellungen von weiblichen Fachkräften geführt. Vor allem hochqualifizierte Frauen hatten gute Chance auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Das geschlechtsspezifische Einstellungsverhalten der Betriebe bei Fachkräften führt zu einer Verfestigung der vorherrschenden Geschlechterstruktur in den Betrieben." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The integration of women in the German labour market has made progress during the last years. There are however still differences in the employment patterns of men and women. Using data from the IAB-establishment panel 2008, this paper analyses the employment patterns of men and women from the perspective of firms: Which establishments do employ women? And do establishments with a high share of female employees differ from establishments with a low share of female employees? In view of the demographic developments, it is – even in times of economic downturn – important not to loose sight of the question how the need of skilled labour can be met in the long run. In view of the increased participation of women in the education and training system, it can be supposed that the recruitment of skilled female employees will gain in importance in the future. Data from the IAB-establishment panel 2008 show that the employment patterns of men and women do not differ much between establishments with a high and a low share of female employees. Regardless of the share of female employees in a firm, part-time work for example is a women's domain and managerial positions are mainly held by men. The employment patterns of men and women are mainly affected by the sector a firm is affiliated to, but less by the size of the establishment. Firms with a high percentage of women can be found more often in sectors in which occupations considered as 'typically female' dominate, whereas firms with a low share of women are affiliated to sectors in which male occupations are prevalent. The sector-specific segregation that can be observed at the establishment level is hence the result of the occupational segregation on individual level. The rising demand for skilled employees has led to increasing difficulties in filling vacancies, especially those requiring a university degree. On the other hand, the rising supply of skilled women on the labour market has led to an increasing number of recruitments of qualified female workers. Mainly highly skilled women have had good opportunities on the labour market. The gender-specific recruitment behaviour of firms strengthens the prevalent gender structures within the establishments." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Qualifikation; Berufsaussicht; Chancengleichheit; qualification; Betrieb; Federal Republic of Germany; woman; Beschäftigtenstruktur; composition of personnel; hiring; specialist; Personaleinstellung; labor force participation; equal opportunity; firm; Fachkraft; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; career prospect
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Do Austrian Men and Women Become more Equal? At Least in Terms of Labor Supply!
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 71), 2008. 15 S
Inhalt: Similar to most industrialized countries, female labor supply in Austria has been increasing for the last decades, while labor force participation for men has been constant or even somewhat declining. This working paper - in cooperation with the University of Linz - provides an insight into wage elasticities concerning work participation and weekly hours for Austrian men and women between 1987 and 1999. It presents the almost continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women. While their elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they approached rapidly the much less elastic behavior of men. These developments are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs. In this paper we differentiate between married and never-married women; which is very important in explaining labour force participation. As these differences are negligible for men we refrain from this distinction. Labor supply elasticities give an impression about attachment to the labor force; very high elasticities of (married) women have often been interpreted as evidence for low labor force attachment and a traditional family role model: the male bread-winner model where female market participation was considered as supplementary and more volatile. Due to increasing educational attainment of women, developments on the marriage market - lower marriage and higher divorce rates - and most importantly changing social roles and norms, it can be expected that this traditional male-breadwinner model will have considerably lost its importance.
Schlagwörter:Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Mann; man; woman; Arbeitskräfte; manpower; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Lohn; wage; Heirat; wedding; Arbeitsangebot; labor supply; Bildungsniveau; level of education; gender-specific factors; Rollenwandel; role change; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung