Barriers to women's representation in academic excellence and positions of power
Autor/in:
Yousaf, Rizwana; Schmiede, Rudi
Quelle: Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 2 (2017) , S 1-13
Inhalt: "Nearly for half a century women's advancement in the workplace has been in a debate. Women’s under-represented in higher education institutions and universities across the globe, and especially in the most powerful or influential posts, is well established. Despite gender equality commitments and women's educational attainment, still, they are underrepresented. Regions and countries may vary in term of culture, achievements and development, but barriers for women's representation in academia are surprisingly similar in many regions. It is found that there are several barriers which women might be experiencing in academia ranging from personal, organizational to societal." (author's abstract)
Quelle: University of Cambridge, Faculty of Education, Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (RECOUP); Cambridge (RECOUP Policy Brief, 6), 2009. 6 S
Inhalt: Gender gaps in educational access, schooling quality and labour market outcomes are pervasive in Pakistan. This brief discusses the findings of three recent studies in Pakistan that highlight the role of education in improving individual productivity, increasing earnings, bringing people out of poverty and providing a pathway to gender equality in the labour market. The papers note the policy implications of the research both for education and labour market policy.
Flexible equality: men and women in employment in Japan
Autor/in:
Shire, Karen A.; Imai, Jun
Quelle: Universität Duisburg-Essen Campus Duisburg, Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften IN-EAST; Duisburg (Duisburger Arbeitspapiere Ostasienwissenschaften / Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies, 30), 2000. 26 S
Inhalt: "Changes in the structure and regulation of employment in Japan differentially impact men and
women. The labor force participation of Japanese women is increasing, but women’s
employment is concentrated in relatively deregulated and flexible forms of non-standard and
precarious employment. Women and men have relatively equal levels of unemployment at
present, but the flexibility which characterizes part-time and temporary work lands women
into the ranks of the unemployed throughout their life course, while men are more likely to
experience unemployment at the entry and exit points to the labor market. Unemployment
measures are directed mainly at alleviating the sources of male unemployment. Employment
deregulation in Japan embodies varying degrees of re-regulation depending on the gender
composition of work types. Part-time work is undertaken primarily by women, and remains
relatively deregulated and unprotected. Temporary work regulations vary according to
whether the occupations are typically performed by women (deregulated temporary work) or
men (tightly regulated temporary work). Working hours have been deregulated for both men
and women, but coupled with the deregulation of temporary work in female-dominated
occupations, the change poses a greater disadvantage for women. The recent reform of the
Equal Employment Opportunity Law in Japan, while responding in part to social demands for
strengthening the regulation of equality, remains unenforceable. The analysis concludes that
rather than more equality in employment, recent Japanese developments point to the
institutional embedding of a gender segmented labor market, with men continuing in
relatively protected and regulated standard employment and women relegated to flexible and
deregulated employment."[author´s abstract]
Schlagwörter:Japan; Japan; Arbeitszeitpolitik; policy on working hours; Flexibilität; flexibility; gender-specific factors; Beschäftigungspolitik; employment policy; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Teilzeitarbeit; part-time work; Arbeitsverhältnis; employment relationship; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Ostasien; Far East
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Wettbewerb und Kooperation zwischen den Geschlechtern: institutionelle Alternativen einer gerechten und effizienten Arbeitsmarktorganisation
Autor/in:
Schmid, Günther
Quelle: WZB-Jahrbuch 1994: Institutionenvergleich und Institutionendynamik. Berlin, 1994, S 215-237
Inhalt: Ist der Wettbewerb frauenfeindlich? Ist der Staat statt dessen der ideale Arbeitgeber für die Frauen? Wie kann Wettbewerb und Kooperation zwischen den Geschlechtern institutionalisiert werden, um den Arbeitsmarkt gleichzeitig gerechter und effizienter zu organisieren. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen prüft der vorliegende Beitrag zunächst die Realität in verschiedenen Ländern (USA, BRD, Schweden); benutzt werden zum Vergleich Modelle idealtypischer Organisation des Arbeitsmarkts und ihrer Auswirkung auf die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung. Die "ernüchternde Bilanz" zeigt, daß sich die Bedingungen eines fairen Wettbewerbs auf Arbeitsmärkten - nämlich Elastizität von Angebot und Nachfrage - sich auch durch eine konsequente Anti-Diskriminierungspolitik nicht herstellen lassen. Aufgrund der einseitigen Verteilung familiärer Verpflichtungen erfüllen vor allem Frauen die Bedingung der Angebotselastizität nicht. Andere "Spielregeln" müssen institutionalisiert werden, um Anreize zur effektiven Kooperation zu schaffen. Der Autor diskutiert neben dem Wettbewerb drei weitere Spielregeln der Gerechtigkeit: Solidarität, Chancengleichheit und Egalität. (ICE)
Schlagwörter:gender-specific factors; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; labor market policy; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Mann; man; woman; soziale Gerechtigkeit; social justice; Kooperation; cooperation; Wettbewerb; competition; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; USA; United States of America; Nordamerika; North America; Federal Republic of Germany; Schweden; Sweden; Solidarität; solidarity; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung