International variation in ageing and economic dependency: a cohort perspective
Autor/in:
Loichinger, Elke; Skirbekk, Vegard
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 41 (2016) 2, S 121-144
Inhalt: "Within this analysis of demographic and economic dependency ratios for 45 countries around the world, we reiterate the importance of age- and gender-specific employment levels as well as their determinants when discussing the economic challenges associated with population ageing. Building upon existing research on economic dependency, we portray and discuss cohort variation in employment and its possible effect on the challenges of population ageing, focusing on the implications of high youth unemployment, the role of changes in female employment and the evolution of retirement patterns across cohorts. The insights from our analysis reaffirm findings elsewhere that younger populations may not be as well off in the light of demographic change as an analysis of their demographic structure alone would suggest and stress the importance of considering the cohort dimension of employment in this discussion." (author's abstract)
Quelle: GRADE Group for the Analysis of Development; Lima (Avances de Investigación, 20), 2016. 49 S
Inhalt: As in other developing countries, Peru’s demographic transition is well underway. Concurrently, women's labor market participation and employment rates have substantially increased. In this paper we estimate the causal effect that the reduction in fertility rates has on women's employment using instrumental variables already tested in developed countries - twins in the first birth and the sex composition of the two oldest children. We also analyze the heterogeneity of the effects along three lines: marriage status of the mother, age of the first (second) child, and mother's level of education. We find strong effects of fertility. According to our results, 27 percent of the total increase in women’s rate of employment between 1993 and 2007 can be attributed to the reduction in fertility rates. This is a considerable magnitude, more than four times as large as the estimate for US by Jacobsen et al. (1999). Effects are largest in women with children 2 years old or younger and decline inversely as the first child increases in age, but are still significant when he or she reaches 10. Effects also vary with the mother’s education level, tending to be stronger when women have more education. Finally, these effects are smaller for married women than for all women.
Schlagwörter:Peru; Peru; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; population development; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Geburtenrückgang; declining birth rate; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Familienstand; marital status; Entwicklungsland; developing country; Lateinamerika; Latin America
Basisindikatoren der ökonomischen Entwicklung in Deutschland, Großbritannien, Schweden, USA - 1950 bis 2000
Titelübersetzung:Basic indicators of economic development in Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States of America - 1950 to 2000
Autor/in:
Thome, Helmut; Birkel, Christoph
Quelle: Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Philosophische Fakultät I Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften, Institut für Soziologie; Halle (Der Hallesche Graureiher : Forschungsberichte des Instituts für Soziologie, 2005-4), 2005. 49 S
Inhalt: Die Vergleichsstudie präsentiert Daten zur ökonomischen Entwicklung in Deutschland, England, Schweden und den USA im Zeitraum 1950-2000. Dabei gliedern sich die Ausführungen in folgende ökonomische Kenngrößen: (1) Wachstum und Niveau des Volkseinkommens, (2) Produktivitätsentwicklung, (3) Arbeitslosigkeit, (4) Beschäftigungsstrukturen (Arbeitszeitvolumen und Beschäftigungsquoten, sektorale Entwicklung, öffentlicher und privater Sektor, Frauenerwerbsquote, Selbständigenquote) (5) Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten, (6) Steuer- und Abgabenbelastung, Staatsausgabenquote, (7) Bildung und Kapitalbildung, (8) internationaler Handel, also Exporte und Importe sowie (9) demographische Indikatoren (Geburtenrate, Alterszusammensetzung und Ausländeranteile). (ICG2)
Schlagwörter:women's employment; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; Steuerbelastung; privater Sektor; education; private sector; Sweden; North America; economic development (single enterprise); öffentlicher Sektor; Produktivität; tax burden; international economic relations; public sector; autonomy; Federal Republic of Germany; ökonomische Entwicklung; employment; national income; Nordamerika; unemployment; United States of America; labor costs; Arbeitszeit; Bildung; internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; productivity; economic growth; Schweden; Volkseinkommen; Beschäftigungsentwicklung; Arbeitslosigkeit; Arbeitskosten; Wirtschaftswachstum; USA; population development; Großbritannien; employment trend; working hours; Great Britain; Selbständigkeit; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; Beschäftigung