Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales; Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (IAB); Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) GmbH; Universität Köln; Berlin (Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, FB520), 2018. 39 S
Inhalt: Die Partizipation von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in Deutschland stark zugenommen, z.B. ist die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen mit knapp 70 Prozent im Jahr 2013 derjenigen der Männer (78 Prozent) bereits sehr nah. Trotzdem gibt es nach wie vor signifikante Geschlechterunterschiede im Hinblick auf das Arbeitsvolumen, die Löhne und Gehälter sowie die Karrierepositionen. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" stellt dazu Daten aus der Forschungsstudie "Arbeitsqualität und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg" dar, die zum Ziel hat, mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsqualität der Beschäftigten und dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von Betrieben zu untersuchen. Sie wird vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und vom Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) getragen und vom IAB, vom Seminar für Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Personalwirtschaftslehre der Universität zu Köln, dem Lehrstuhl für Managerial Accounting der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen und vom Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) durchgeführt. Es handelt sich um eine Längsschnittstudie, in der mittlerweile in der vierten Befragungswelle jeweils eine Betriebs- und eine Beschäftigtenbefragung durchgeführt wird. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" zeigt, wie sich Frauen und Männer unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Heterogenität hinsichtlich soziodemografischer, beruflicher sowie betrieblicher Merkmale bei Führungspositionen sowie Instrumenten der Personalentwicklung unterscheiden. Eine Besonderheit ist dabei die zusätzliche Berücksichtigung von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen.
Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry: a comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany
Autor/in:
Kosyakova, Yuliya; Saar, Ellu; Dämmrich, Johanna
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (2017) 2, S 17-40
Inhalt: Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities.
Gender differences in willingness to compete: the role of public observability
Autor/in:
Buser, Thomas; Ranehill, Eva; van Veldhuizen, Roel
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Markt und Entscheidung, Abteilung Verhalten auf Märkten, SP II 2017-203), 2017. 18 S
Inhalt: A recent literature emphasizes the importance of the gender gap in willingness to compete as a partial explanation for gender differences in labor market outcomes. However, whereas experiments investigating willingness to compete typically do so in anonymous environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, we should expect public observability to further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment that varies whether the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. Across four different treatments, however, all treatment effects are close to zero. We conclude that the public observability of decisions and outcomes does not exert a significant impact on male or female willingness to compete, indicating that the role of social image concerns related to competitive decisions may be limited.
Quelle: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH; Berlin (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, P 2014-007), 2014. 59 S
Inhalt: Begünstigt freiwilliges Engagement die Integration von Wiedereinsteigerinnen in das Erwerbsleben? In Wissenschaft und Politik wird vermehrt diskutiert, wie Frauen, besonders nach familienbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechungen, schneller in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert werden können. Aus politischer Sicht wird das freiwillige Engagement als ein Instrument betrachtet, das Frauen beim Wiedereinstieg in das Erwerbsleben helfen kann. Doch welche Potentiale bietet freiwilliges Engagement für den Wiedereinstieg nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen in den Arbeitsmarkt tatsächlich? Ist es berechtigt den Wiedereinsteigerinnen Hoffnung zu machen und das auf altruistischen Gedanken beruhende und am Gemeinwohl orientierte freiwillige Engagement für den Arbeitsmarkt zu instrumentalisieren? Der vorliegende Text geht im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Familien, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend geförderten Projektes "Berufsrückkehrerinnen: Die Potentiale nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen für den Arbeitsmarkt" dieser Frage nach und bewertet systematisch die schlechte Datenlage zum Thema. (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:bürgerschaftliches Engagement; citizens' involvement; Freiwilligkeit; voluntariness; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; woman; Berufstätigkeit; gainful occupation
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Opportunities, Constraints, and Constrained Opportunities - A Study on Mothers' Working Time Patterns in 22 European Countries
Autor/in:
Salin, Milla
Quelle: Population Research Institute Väestöliitto; Helsinki (Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, Supplement, 49), 2014. 190 S
Inhalt: The aim of this study was to analyze mothers' working time patters across 22 European countries. The focu was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers' working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns - namely structural, cultural and institutional -, and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers' working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, full-time work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; Arbeitszeitwunsch; demographic factors; Familienpolitik; gender role; kulturelle Faktoren; desired working hours; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; Europa; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; comparative research; family policy; vergleichende Forschung; Mutterschaft; motherhood; labor market; Arbeitszeit; Arbeitsmarkt; cultural factors; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Europe; Geschlechterverhältnis; working hours; demographische Faktoren; social factors
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Polish "handymen" in Germany: an example for the neglected "male" side of commodified reproductive work?
Autor/in:
Palenga-Möllenbeck, Ewa
Quelle: Universität Bielefeld, Fak. für Soziologie, Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development (COMCAD); Bielefeld (COMCAD Working Papers, 109), 2012. 10 S
Schlagwörter:labor migration; role distribution; Betreuung; Pole; Pole; Hausarbeit; Rollenverteilung; role image; housework; Migrant; Arbeitsmigration; Federal Republic of Germany; social inequality; man; Rollenbild; labor market; Arbeitsmarkt; gender; care; migrant; Gender; child care; Mann; Kinderbetreuung; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Migration
The Effect of Gender and Ethnicity and their Intersection on Work Satisfaction and Earnings in Estonia, 1993-2008
Autor/in:
Hansson, Leeni; Aavik, Kadri
Quelle: Studies of Transition States and Societies, 4 (2012) 2, S 3-19
Inhalt: "This article examines trends in the labour market position, defined in terms of three dimensions - earnings, perceived job security and overall job satisfaction - among four population groups in Estonia - Estonian men and women and Russian-speaking men and women. We explore how the labour market position of these groups changed between 1993 and 2008. We used data from 1993 and 2008, collected in the population survey Work, Family and Leisure, designed by the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. We carried out a two-step analysis: first, we conducted descriptive analysis to explore changes in the labour market situation of men and women of two ethnic groups in the period of 1993-2008; and second, we used models of multivariate analysis of variances to examine how gender, ethnicity and occupational status as well as the intersection of these variables are related to earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We found that Estonian men have emerged as the most successful group in the labour market, while the labour market position of Russian-speaking women is the most disadvantaged compared to other groups in terms of earnings, job security and job satisfaction. We suggest that these labour market inequalities could be increasing, and that the interaction of gender and ethnicity might become increasingly important in shaping labour market outcomes." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Estland; Estonia; Einkommen; income; Arbeitszufriedenheit; work satisfaction; gender-specific factors; Mann; man; woman; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Stellung im Beruf; occupational status; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Intersektionalität; intersectionality; postsozialistisches Land; post-socialist country
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
The evolution of labor relations inside a Russian firm during late tansition: evidence from personnel data
Titelübersetzung:Die Entwicklung innerbetrieblicher Arbeitsverhältnisse einer russischen Firma in Zeiten der Transformation: Evidenz von Personaldaten
Autor/in:
Lehmann, Hartmut
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 35 (2010) 2, S 334-361
Inhalt: "Diese Studie bespricht drei Arbeiten, die sich mit dem internen Arbeitsmarkt einer russischen Firma in den Jahren 1997 bis 2002 befassen und sich dabei auf drei Themenbereiche konzentrieren. Die Arbeiten analysieren bisher nicht zugängliche Personaldaten, die die Arbeitsgeschichte jedes einzelnen Beschäftigten sowie monatliche Löhne und Gesamtvergütung im Jahresdurchschnitt beinhalten. Da diese Arbeiten Teil eines größeren Forschungsprojektes über interne Arbeitsmärkte in Russland und der Ukraine sind, beginnt unsere Studie mit einer generellen Einschätzung, wie die Analyse von Personaldaten aus Transformationsländern zur allgemeinen Literatur über interne Arbeitsmärkte beitragen kann. Kurzen Beschreibungen der analysierten Firma und der benutzten Personaldaten folgen die Motivierung und ausschlaggebenden Resultate der drei Arbeiten. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Frage, wie die Kosten der russischen Finanzkrise des Jahres 1998 auf die Beschäftigten innerhalb der Firma verteilt werden und ob langjährig beschäftigte Arbeitnehmer von negativen Schocks abgeschirmt werden. Das zweite Papier betrachtet die Diskussion über die Lohnbestimmung in Russland und analysiert die engere Fragestellung, ob lokale Arbeitsmarktbedingungen einen wichtigen Faktor im Lohnbestimmungsprozess darstellen oder ob stabile interne Arbeitsmarktstrukturen von vorrangiger Bedeutung für das Personalmanagement der Firma sind. Die letzte besprochene Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zu der Literatur über die Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen von Frauen während der Transformation, indem sie die Entwicklung und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohndifferentials innerhalb der Firma aufzeigt." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper surveys three studies on the internal labor market of one Russian firm spanning the years 1997 to 2002 and focusing on three different issues. The studies use unique personnel data that were collected by us and that include the work history of each employee as well as annual averages of monthly wages and total compensation. Since the three studies are part of a larger project on internal labor markets in Russia and Ukraine during transition, the paper starts off with a general assessment of how the analysis of personnel data from transition countries can contribute to the general literature on internal labor markets. After short descriptions of the investigated firm and the personnel data at our disposal, the motivation and the pertinent results of the three studies are presented. While the first study looks at the question how the costs of a financial crisis are spread over the workforce and whether incumbent employees are sheltered from negative shocks in the economy, the second study is tied to the discussion of wage determination in Russia and analyzes the narrower question whether local labor market conditions are an important factor in the wage determination process of the firm at hand or whether stable internal labor market structures are of primary concern for its human resource managers. The third study contributes to the literature on the labor market experience of women in transition by analyzing the evolution and the determinants of the gender earnings gap in the firm." (author's abstract)