Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Artificial Intelligence: An Evaluation of Guidelines
Autor/in:
Cachat-Rosset, Gaelle; Klarsfeld, Alain
Quelle: Applied Artificial Intelligence, 37 (2023) 1, 2176618 S
Details
Inhalt: ABSTRACTArtificial intelligence (AI) is present everywhere in the lives of individuals. Unfortunately, several cases of discrimination by AI systems have already been reported. Scholars have warned on risks of AI reproducing existing inequalities or even amplifying them. To tackle these risks and promote responsible AI, many ethics guidelines for AI have emerged recently, including diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) principles and practices. However, little is known about the DEI content of these guidelines, and to what extent they meet the most relevant accumulated knowledge from DEI literature. We performed a semi-systematic literature review of the AI guidelines regarding DEI stakes and analyzed 46 guidelines published from 2015 to today. We fleshed out the 14 DEI principles and the 18 DEI practices recommended underlying these 46 guidelines. We found that the guidelines mostly encourage one of the DEI management paradigms, namely fairness, justice, and nondiscrimination, in a limited compliance approach. We found that narrow technical practices are favored over holistic ones. Finally, we conclude that recommended practices for implementing DEI principles in AI should include actions aimed at directly influencing AI actors? behaviors and awareness of DEI risks, rather than just stating intentions and programs.
Schlagwörter:artificial intelligence; Big Data; method; text analysis
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Decolonizing inclusion in performing academia: Trans‐inclusion as phronetic border thinking/doing praxis
Autor/in:
Jammulamadaka, Nimruji; Faria, Alexandre
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), 30 (2023) 2, S 431–456
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Inhalt: In this paper, inspired by Gloria Anzaldúa, we draw upon our embodied experiences as non-white scholars from different parts of the South to examine our complicity and responsibility for inclusion in performing a Western, neoliberal, diversity-oriented, globalizing academia such as the United States' Academy of Management. We refer to the dominating practice of inclusion as universalist inclusion (uni-inclusion), where a hegemonic includer includes diverse subaltern others while blind to colonial differences. We argue that uni-inclusion has a dark shadow that perpetuates a “you are with us or against us” sentiment of white male superiority and violence, even as it elides the deep connectedness of epistemic, bodily, and material practices in the praxis of performing academia. Drawing upon our embodied and enacted experiences of tenures at Academy of Management as borderland scholars with relational reflexivity, we propose phronetic border thinking/doing praxis for trans-inclusion as a non-essentialist possibility of decolonizing inclusion. We share our understanding of how we have enacted border thinking/doing praxis so that it may provide pointers to pluriversalizing academia. Trans-inclusion is a neologism we suggest to indicate a liberating praxis for all in an era of decolonization and empire where diverse includers beyond self/other dehumanizing binarism engage within an ethics of caring and co-existence.
Schlagwörter:academia; decolonial feminism; Diversity; epistemology; inclusion; neoliberalism
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Operationalisation of Sex and Gender in Quantitative Health-Related Research: A Scoping Review
Autor/in:
Horstmann, Sophie; Schmechel, Corinna; Palm, Kerstin; Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine; Bolte, Gabriele
Quelle: International journal of environmental research and public health, 19 (2022) 12
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Inhalt: Current trends in quantitative health research have highlighted the inadequacy of the usual operationalisation of sex and gender, resulting in a growing demand for more nuanced options. This scoping review provides an overview of recent instruments for the operationalisation of sex and gender in health-related research beyond a concept of mutually exclusive binary categories as male or masculine vs. female or feminine. Our search in three databases (Medline, Scopus and Web of Science) returned 9935 matches, of which 170 were included. From these, we identified 77 different instruments. The number and variety of instruments measuring sex and/or gender in quantitative health-related research increased over time. Most of these instruments were developed with a US-American student population. The majority of instruments focused on the assessment of gender based on a binary understanding, while sex or combinations of sex and gender were less frequently measured. Different populations may require the application of different instruments, and various research questions may ask for different dimensions of sex and gender to be studied. Despite the clear interest in the development of novel sex and/or gender instruments, future research needs to focus on new ways of operationalisation that account for their variability and multiple dimensions.
Schlagwörter:Fragebogen; Gender; Geschlechterbegriff; Geschlechtervielfalt; Gesundheitsforschung; intersectionality; Item; literature review; quantitative Forschung; sex
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Patterns and Trends of Same-Sex Partner Choice in Germany
Autor/in:
Lengerer, Andrea; Schroedter, Julia H.
Quelle: Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 53 (2022) 2, S 161–188
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Inhalt: This paper analyses the age and educational homogamy of same-sex couples in Germany over a 20-year period from 1996 to 2015. Data of the Microcensus show that cohabiting same-sex couples are less likely to be homogamous than cohabiting different-sex couples, both in terms of age and education. For same-sex couples, gender matters, male same-sex couples being the most diverse. The analyses thus confirm previous results for other European countries. Hitherto, changes in the homogamy of same-sex couples over time had not been studied in Europe, mainly due to data constraints. However, major changes in the visibility and legal acceptance of same-sex couples suggest that their patterns of partner choice are becoming more similar to those of different-sex couples. Our analyses show that the age difference among female same-sex couples has indeed narrowed over time, converging with the age difference among different-sex couples. For male same-sex couples though, there is no clear trend. In terms of educational homogamy, contrary to our assumption, we find a clear decline among same-sex couples of both genders since the 2000s, making them even more dissimilar to different-sex couples.
Schlagwörter:age; education; gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe; Homogenität; homosexual; homosexuell; same-sex marriage; same-sex partnership; same-sex relationship
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Setting adequate wages for workers: Managers' work experience, incentive scheme and gender matter
Autor/in:
Huber, David; Kühl, Leonie; Szech, Nora
Quelle: PLOS ONE (PLOS ONE), 17 (2022) 8
Details
Inhalt: Many societies report an increasingly divergent development of managers' salaries compared to that of their workforce. Moreover, there is often a lack in diversity amongst managerial boards. We investigate the role of managers' gender and incentive scheme on wages chosen for workers by conducting two experimental studies. The data reveal male managers respond in more self-oriented ways to their incentive scheme. Further, we find that experience with the workers' task can increase appreciation of workers. Effects are strongest when the managers' compensation scheme rules out self-orientation. Overall, female managers display more consistency in choosing adequate wages for workers, i.e. their choices are less affected by incentives. An increase in diversity may thus help reducing salary disparities and foster work atmosphere.
Schlagwörter:Anreizsystem; Diversität; Diversity; incentive mechanisms; Lohnlücke; Lohnstruktur; Manager; salary; wage distribution; wage gap; wage inequality; work experience
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Pronouns Beyond the Binary: The Change of Attitudes and Use Over Time
Autor/in:
Gustafsson Sendén, Marie; Renström, Emma; Lindqvist, Anna
Quelle: Gender & society : official publication of Sociologists for Women in Society, 35 (2021) 4, S 588–615
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Inhalt: Gender-inclusive language, such as the Swedish pronoun hen, may aid in breaking a binary notion of gender and avoid sexism. The present study followed the implementa1tion of a gender-inclusive third-person pronoun singular (hen) in Swedish in two sur2veys with representative samples in 2015 (at the time when hen was introduced in the official Swedish dictionary; N =1212) and in 2018 (N =2009). The surveys comprised
measures of attitudes toward, and use of, hen as well as possible predictors such as area of residence, age, preferred pronoun, political orientation, and interest in gender issues. Results showed that attitudes toward hen became more positive and that use of hen increased between 2015 and 2018. About half of the population used hen in their communication in 2018, which is a 14-percentage-point increase from 2015. Younger age, she or hen as preferred pronoun, political left-wing orientation, and interest in
gender issues predicted a more positive attitude and a more frequent use. Furthermore,
the positive change between 2015 and 2018 was larger among younger people, indicat3ing that hen will remain in the Swedish language. The present research is unique in that
it follows a gender-fair language initiative during its implementation in representative
samples, thereby providing insights for social movements aiming for gender-fair lan4guage. We also discuss the theoretical implications of a gender-inclusive pronoun in
comparison with past studies on gender-fair language.
Schlagwörter:Dritte Option; gender-sensitive approach; non-binary; Schweden; Sprachgebrauch; survey; TIN-klusive Hochschule; Umfrage
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Provinzialismus und Semi-Intersektionalität: Fallstricke des Feminismus in postkolonialen Zeiten
Autor/in:
Kerner, Ina
Quelle: Feministische Studien, 38 (2020) 1, S 76–93
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Inhalt: Im Folgenden geht es weniger um Pakistan als um Komplexitäten des Feminismus in postkolonialen Zeiten. Meine Erfahrungen vor Ort und die Diskussionen mit Farzana Bari erscheinen mir in diesem Zusammenhang aber wichtig; denn sie haben meine intersektionalen und postkolonialen Überzeugungen herausgefordert und die folgenden Überlegungen inspiriert. Seit Jahren gehe ich davon aus, dass der intersektionale Feminismus aus analytischen und aus politischen Gründen nicht-intersektionalen feministischen Positionen vorzuziehen ist. Denn letztere reflektieren häufig in erster Linie die Interessen und Prioritäten jener Frauen, denen in Bezug auf Merkmale wie »Rasse« und Ethnizität, Religion, Klasse oder Sexualität ein vergleichsweise privilegierter Status zukommt. Farzana Bari ist anderer Ansicht. Für sie, die lokal handelt, aber global denkt, stellt sich der intersektionale Feminismus praktisch als Entsolidarisierung dar, und zwar als Entsolidarisierung in einem Kampf, in dem vergleichsweise privilegierte Frauen ihre Privilegien just zu dem Zweck einsetzen, weniger privilegierte Frauen bei der Realisierung basaler Rechte zu unterstützen und damit zugleich in die öffentliche Verhandlung von Geschlechterverhältnissen zu intervenieren. Bari ist Aktivistin und verfolgt das Ziel, gravierende geschlechterpolitische Missstände zu bekämpfen. Dies erfordert mehr als eine kritische Analyse dieser Missstände. Und es erfordert vermutlich auch mehr als eine kritische Analyse der eigenen Privilegien.
Aber was genau ist es, das es erfordert, insbesondere seitens potentieller Verbündeter im Westen? Wie kann und sollte eine internationale und kontextübergreifende feministische Solidarität aussehen, die Baris Bedenken ernst nimmt, ohne dabei zentrale intersektionale und postkoloniale Einsichten aufzugeben? Dies sind die Fragen, die ich im Folgenden zu beantworten suche. Zu diesem Zweck gehe ich in fünf Schritten vor. Zunächst erinnere ich an die Idee des globalen Feminismus sowie an die postkoloniale Kritik an diesem Konzept. Zweitens gehe ich auf das ein, was Farzana Bari als Effekt des Intersektionalitätsdiskurses beschreibt, nämlich eine Tendenz des gegenwärtigen kritischen feministischen Aktivismus im Westen, sich von transnationalem Engagement zurückzuhalten; diese Tendenz bezeichne ich als feministischen Provinzialismus. Drittens stehen Positionen der kritischen feministischen Theorie und Wissenschaft im Mittelpunkt, die der erwähnten Zurückhaltung entsprechen, und ich argumentiere, warum ich sie für nicht ausreichend intersektional halte, sondern eher als eine Form der Semi-Intersektionalität verstehe. Viertens geht es um weibliche Figuren des gegenwärtigen Orientalismus, die im Hintergrund der globalen Geschlechterpolitik eine Rolle spielen; dabei soll deutlich werden, dass auch die Zuschreibung von Handlungsfähigkeit keinesfalls vor Vereinnahmung und Instrumentalisierung schützt. Dem folgt fünftens ein kurzes Fazit, in dem ich Möglichkeiten umreiße, die sowohl bezogen auf die eher forschungsbezogenen Aspekte der transnationalen feministischen Solidarität als auch mit Blick auf feministischen Aktivismus Auswege aus den zuvor skizzierten Problemen versprechen könnten
Schlagwörter:feminism; Feminismus; Geschlechterforschung; Intersektionalität; (post-)coloniality; Solidarität; transnational
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Für einen Kurswechsel in der Intersektionalitätsdebatte
Autor/in:
Klinger, Cornelia
Quelle: Portal Intersektionalität, (2020)
Details
Schlagwörter:Geschlecht; Geschlechterforschung; Intersektionalität; Klasse; race; Theorie
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
An argument for context‐driven intersectionality
Autor/in:
McKinzie, Ashleigh E.; Richards, Patricia L.
Quelle: sociology compass, 13 (2019) 4, 14 S
Details
Inhalt: The concept of intersectionality has fundamentally changed
feminist theorizing and the study of women and gender.
However, intersectional research, theorizing, and practice
also have been subject to important critiques. This article
provides a brief genealogy of intersectionality and summarizes
major critiques. We recognize value in these critiques
as well as the ongoing power of an intersectional lens. We
therefore advocate what we call “context‐driven
intersectionality,” arguing that attention to the historical,
political, economic, and social factors that shape power relationships
and social structures is critical to conducting
robust intersectional analyses that avoid reification of social
categories and inequalities.
Schlagwörter:intersektionale Mehrebenenanalyse; Methodenforschung; Sozialwissenschaft
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Genderqueer Identity (GQI) Scale: Measurement and validation of four distinct subscales with trans and LGBQ clinical and community samples in two countries
Autor/in:
McGuire, Jenifer K.; Beek, Titia F.; Catalpa, Jory M.; Steensma, Thomas D.
Quelle: The international Journal of Transgenderism, 20 (2019) 2-3, S 289–304
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Inhalt: Background: Non-binary gender measurement has grown out of a need for accurate representation in scholarship and public health services available to a diverse gender population. Aims: The Genderqueer Identity Scale (GQI) was developed to allow for a multidimensional assessment of genderqueer identity, including non-binary identity, socially constructed versus essentialist gender, theoretical awareness of gender concepts, and gender fluidity. The GQI was designed to assess gender identity across a full spectrum of gender, at any age after mid-adolescence, and at various stages of gender identity development, including prior to, during, and after a gender transition, where applicable. Two of the GQI subscales focus on intrapersonal processes, while two focus on interpersonal processes. Methods: The measure was piloted and refined across four distinct samples: a U.S. university based LGBT sample, consecutive clinical referrals at the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, a Dutch LGB community sample, and an online survey forum (LGBTQ). Results: The first exploratory factor analysis identified minor potential adjustments, which were refined and retested. Researchers evaluated and cross-validated the hypothesized factor structure and determined that the three factor GQI subscales and the unidimensional Gender Fluidity measure yielded internally consistent and valid scores among transgender individuals seeking clinical treatment and LGB individuals within a community setting. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provide evidence of good reliability, construct validity, and internal consistency of all four subscales. Discussion: The subscales were appropriate across a spectrum of gender identities and can be taken in the same form over time and across gender transition statuses, making them suitable for clinical evaluation and community based longitudinal research with trans-identified or gender nonconforming persons. The development of the GQI fills critical gaps in gender-related measurement including the ability to assess multiple dimensions of gender identity, and to assess gender identity across time.
Schlagwörter:genderqueer; identity; LGBTQ+; queer; trans
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz