Wandel der Arbeit durch Digitalisierung = Wandel der Geschlechterverhältnisse? Dokumentation der Tagung am 17. Mai 2019 im Erich-Brost-Haus, Dortmund
Herausgeber/in:
Kutzner, Edelgard; Roski, Melanie; Hilf, Ellen; Freye, Saskia; Technische Universität Dortmund, ZWE Sozialforschungsstelle; Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung e.V. (FGW)
Quelle: Technische Universität Dortmund, ZWE Sozialforschungsstelle; Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung e.V. (FGW); Dortmund, 2019. 46 S
Inhalt: Nach Einschätzung von Expert*innen wird sich die Arbeitswelt infolge der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung in den kommenden ein bis zwei Jahrzehnten fundamental verändern. Einige Beobachter*innen prognostizieren, dass sich dieser Wandel auch auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse in Betrieb und Verwaltung auswirken wird. Die Tagung hat einen Beitrag dazu geleistet, den Blick auf diese zukünftigen Entwicklungen zu schärfen. Anhand empirischer Erkenntnisse aus der Arbeitsmarkt- sowie der Arbeits- und Geschlechterforschung wurde die Bedeutung der Digitalisierung für die Arbeit vorgestellt. Diskutiert wurde außerdem, wie der digitale Wandel das Geschlechterverhältnis berührt und verändern kann. Ein besonderes Augenmerk lag auf der Frage, wie Erkenntnisse der Geschlechterforschung in die Unternehmen, in die Arbeits- und Technikgestaltung sowie in die Informatik einfließen können. Ein weiteres Thema war die Frage, welche Bedeutung Informatiker*innen als gestaltenden Akteur*innen der Digitalisierung zukommt, ob und wie Technologien selbst vergeschlechtlicht sind. Aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln (Wissenschaft, Politik, Unternehmen und Gewerkschaften) wurde diskutiert wie Arbeit 4.0 geschlechtergerecht gestaltet werden kann: Welche Erfahrungen haben die unterschiedlichen Akteur*innen? Welche Optionen erkennen sie im Prozess der Digitalisierung von Arbeit? Welche Rahmenbedingungen müssen betrieblich geschaffen werden für eine gute und geschlechtergerechte Arbeit? Gibt es verallgemeinerbare Ziele oder verhindert dies die Heterogenität des Feldes? Welche Einflussmöglichkeiten existieren zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt? Das Ziel der Tagung war die gemeinsame Suche nach Antworten auf die Frage, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen durch die Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt neue Chancen für Frauen und Männer sowie für mehr Geschlechtergerechtigkeit entstehen.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitswelt; world of work; Erwerbstätigkeit; gainful employment; organisatorischer Wandel; organizational change; technischer Wandel; technological change; Digitalisierung; digitalization; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Arbeitsgestaltung; job design; Arbeitsorganisation; work organization; neue Technologie; new technology; Technikfolgen; effects of technology; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeit 4.0
SSOAR Kategorie:Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen, Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children? Experimental evidence from Germany
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena
Quelle: European Sociological Review, (2019) , S 1-28
Inhalt: Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Familienpolitik; family policy; Elternschaft; parenthood; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Vaterschaft; fatherhood; gender-specific factors; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; Stellenbesetzung; staffing; field experiment
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants
Autor/in:
Dieckhoff, Martina; Gash, Vanessa; Mertens, Antje; Romeu Gordo, Laura
Quelle: Social Science Research, (2019) 85
Inhalt: This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.
Schlagwörter:Dual Career Couple; alte Bundesländer; Erwerbsbeteiligung; old federal states; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensunterschied; partnership; Federal Republic of Germany; household income; woman; difference in income; neue Bundesländer; Partnerschaft; labor force participation; gender-specific factors; New Federal States; dual career couple; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender inequality; institutional change; partner pay gap; time trends; German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1992-2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Against the Grain? Assessing Graduate Labour Market Trends in Germany Through a Task-Based Indicator of Graduate Jobs
Autor/in:
Henseke, Golo
Quelle: Social Indicators Research, 141 (2019) 2, S 809-840
Inhalt: Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job. The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9% and from 13.3 to 22.5% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market. The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28% among young men. Among young female graduates, the incidence of underemployment fell to 22% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment. A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women. The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; Akademikerberuf; academic career; Qualifikationsanforderungen; qualification requirements; Indikator; indicator; Arbeitskräftenachfrage; labor demand; Absolvent; graduate; university; gender-specific factors; Unterbeschäftigung; underemployment; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; graduate jobs; wage dispersion; BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey (1998/1999, 2005/2006 and 2011/2012); National Educational Panel Study (NEPS); German sample of the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1999-2013
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich
Patterns of Overeducation in Europe: The Role of Field of Study
Autor/in:
Rossen, Anja; Boll, Christina; Wolf, André
Quelle: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 9 (2019) 1, S 1-48
Inhalt: This study investigates the incidence of overeducation among graduate workers in 21 European Union countries and its underlying factors based on the European Labor Force Survey 2016. Although controlling for a wide range of covariates, the particular interest lies in the role of fields of study for vertical educational mismatch. The study reveals country differences in the impact of these factors. Compared to Social sciences, male graduates from, for example, Education, Health and welfare, Engineering, and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are less and those from Services and Natural sciences are more at risk in a clear majority of countries. These findings are robust against changes of the standard education. Moreover, some fields show gender-specific risks. We suggest that occupational closure, productivity signals and gender stereotypes answer for these cross-field and cross-country differentials. Moreover, country fixed effects point to relevant structural differences between national labor markets and between educational systems.
Schlagwörter:Qualifikation; qualification; hoch Qualifizierter; highly qualified worker; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Qualifikationsanforderungen; qualification requirements; Beruf; occupation; Studienfach; subject of study; gender-specific factors; EU; EU; college major; country-specific effects; field of study; gender; labor force survey; overeducation; realized matches; vertical mismatch; European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS)
Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales; Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (IAB); Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) GmbH; Universität Köln; Berlin (Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, FB520), 2018. 39 S
Inhalt: Die Partizipation von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in Deutschland stark zugenommen, z.B. ist die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen mit knapp 70 Prozent im Jahr 2013 derjenigen der Männer (78 Prozent) bereits sehr nah. Trotzdem gibt es nach wie vor signifikante Geschlechterunterschiede im Hinblick auf das Arbeitsvolumen, die Löhne und Gehälter sowie die Karrierepositionen. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" stellt dazu Daten aus der Forschungsstudie "Arbeitsqualität und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg" dar, die zum Ziel hat, mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsqualität der Beschäftigten und dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von Betrieben zu untersuchen. Sie wird vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und vom Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) getragen und vom IAB, vom Seminar für Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Personalwirtschaftslehre der Universität zu Köln, dem Lehrstuhl für Managerial Accounting der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen und vom Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) durchgeführt. Es handelt sich um eine Längsschnittstudie, in der mittlerweile in der vierten Befragungswelle jeweils eine Betriebs- und eine Beschäftigtenbefragung durchgeführt wird. Der Sonderbericht "Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsplatz" zeigt, wie sich Frauen und Männer unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Heterogenität hinsichtlich soziodemografischer, beruflicher sowie betrieblicher Merkmale bei Führungspositionen sowie Instrumenten der Personalentwicklung unterscheiden. Eine Besonderheit ist dabei die zusätzliche Berücksichtigung von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen.
Who is Going to Build the Wall? A Building Trades Crisis in the U.S.A.
Autor/in:
Toppin, Ian
Quelle: International journal for research in vocational education and training, 5 (2018) 1, S 64-76
Inhalt: The context of this study was to examine factors contributing to significant workforce shortages in building trades in the United States. As it is, recruitment of qualified skilled trades workers is becoming increasingly difficult due to lack of a pipeline of prospective workers, and training programs. The study assumed a theoretical inquiry approach in order to address the following three main questions: 1) What is the scope of the workforce shortage in skilled and building trades in the US? 2) What factors are recognized as contributors to the building trades workforce shortage in the US? And, 3) What strategies can be implemented to reverse building trades workforce shortages in the US? Findings affirmed that the scope of workforce shortages in skilled and building (construction) trades in the US is very broad and the impact is rather deep. Factors contributing to the shortage include: declines in high school technical education programs, which have been replaced by career academies; misconception that higher education al- ways equal higher income, but the untold story is higher debt associated with pursuing higher education; and stricter immigration laws, which are forcing potential workers out of the US. The study concluded that in order to reverse currently declining workforce trends the following six strategies should be implemented: 1) Make it a national priority, thereby appropriating adequate resources to the effort. 2) Increase the number or women and African Americans in building trades. 3) Expand apprenticeship programs. An expansion of both government and corporate incentives are needed to stimulate an increase in apprenticeships. 4) Reintroduce building and skilled trades programs in secondary and postsecondary schools. Growth in the number of Career Academies, and participation in them has been encouraging, yet there are not enough of them to meet the need. 5) Re-examine guest-worker programs, which are currently cumbersome for employers to participate in, and do not allow for anywhere close to the number of workers needed to meet workforce needs. 6) Change marketing of building trades from menial to meaningful. Many young people simply do not know that they can make a comfortable living from a career in skilled trades. They have been taught that at least a bachelor’s degree is needed in order to have a successful career. This narrative has to be revised in order to create a pipeline of prospective skilled trades employees for the future.
Schlagwörter:USA; United States of America; Baugewerbe; construction industry; Arbeitskräftebedarf; manpower requirements; Fachkraft; specialist; technische Ausbildung; technical training; Berufsbildung; vocational education; Ausbildungsförderung; government promotion of vocational training; Berufsorientierung; vocational guidance; Karriereplanung; career planning; ausländischer Arbeitnehmer; foreign worker; Zuwanderungsrecht; immigration law; VET; Vocational Education and Training; Technical Vocational Education; Construction; Skilled Trades; Workforce Education
Erwerbstätigkeit von Flüchtlingen: Integrationsregime, Arbeitsmarktbedingungen und Charakteristika der Herkunftsländer
Autor/in:
Vogtenhuber, Stefan; Steiber, Nadia
Quelle: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien; Wien (Reihe Soziologie / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Soziologie, 122), 2018. 48 S
Inhalt: Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Gruppe der Asylberechtigten (inkl. subsidiär Schutzberechtigte) mit Arbeitsmarktzugang. Im Fokus der Analyse stehen fünf Kohorten, definiert nach dem Zeitraum, in dem die Flüchtlinge einen positiven Bescheid und damit Arbeitsmarktzugang erhielten. Die fünf Kohorten werden hinsichtlich ihrer Arbeitsmarktintegration verglichen und wir versuchen Unterschiede in der durchschnittlichen Dauer bis zur Aufnahme der ersten Erwerbstätigkeit in Österreich mit Hilfe von individuellen und strukturellen Merkmalen zu erklären. Wichtigste Ergebnisse: Die Eingliederung in Beschäftigung sowohl bei weiblichen als auch männlichen Asylberechtigten der beiden letzten Kohorten (2012-2016) erfolgte langsamer als in den ersten Kohorten (2001-2011). Die Charakteristika der Herkunftsländer tragen substantiell zur Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Integrationschancen der Asylberechtigten bei, insbesondere die Beschäftigungsrate von Frauen und Männern und die Geschlechterkultur im Herkunftsland. Auch die Arbeitsmarktbedingungen zum Zeitpunkt des rechtlichen Arbeitsmarktzugangs in Österreich zeigen Auswirkungen, insbesondere auf männliche Asylberechtigte. Es zeigen sich weitere interessante geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Bestimmungsfaktoren der Dauer der Arbeitsmarkteingliederung (z.B. hinsichtlich der Bildung der Asylberechtigten und hinsichtlich der Größe und Dynamik, der in Österreich ansässigen Bevölkerung aus dem eigenen Land).
Returns to foreign and host country qualifications: evidence from the US on the labour market placement of migrants and the second generation
Autor/in:
Demireva, Neli; Lo Iacono, Sergio
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 142-152
Inhalt: The integration of migrants in the US economic system is a central concern of policy-makers and scholars. A faster and smoother assimilation of valuable human capital would indeed benefit the labour market, increasing its efficiency. To investigate the integration of minorities and migrants in the US labour market, we employ data from the Current Population Survey from June 2016 (the primary source of labour force statistics in the US). We focus on the following ethnic groups: White, Black, Asian, and Other (a combination of Native Americans, Pacific and Mixed). For each ethnicity we consider if respondents are US born, 1st- or 2nd-generation of immigrant descent. Among 1st-generation migrants, we further differentiate between recent (in the country for 10 years or less) and long (in the country for more than 10 years) arrivals, as they are likely to have different levels of social capital and knowledge of the job market. We focus on three very relevant labour market outcomes: being employed, being employed in a public sector job and working in a professional or managerial position. Our results indicate better placement of individuals with tertiary degrees, an effect particularly important among women. Minorities in the public sector have made some important gains in terms of occupational attainment parity with the white majority.
Schlagwörter:Ethnizität; ethnicity; Migrant; migrant; USA; United States of America; Humankapital; human capital; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; privater Sektor; private sector; Minderheit; minority; Qualifikation; qualification; berufliche Integration; occupational integration
Employment and education-occupation mismatches of immigrants and their children in the netherlands: comparisons with the native majority group
Autor/in:
Khoudja, Yassine
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 3, S 119-141
Inhalt: This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.
Schlagwörter:Niederlande; Netherlands; Einwanderung; immigration; Migrant; migrant; Integration; integration; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Qualifikationsniveau; level of qualification; Überqualifikation; over qualification; öffentlicher Sektor; public sector; Ethnizität; ethnicity; Erwerbsarbeit; gainful work; Humankapital; human capital; Mann; man; woman; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation