Quelle: Annual Review of Psychology, 70 (2019) , S 245–270
Inhalt: This article reviews research on sexual harassment, particularly that pertaining to academia, to understand its underlying causes. Arguing that sexual harassment is an ethical issue, we draw on the field of behavioral ethics to structure our review. We first review ethical climate antecedents at the individual, leader, organizational, and environmental levels and examine their effects on both the occurrence of and responses to sexually harassing behaviors. This discussion is followed by an exploration of research that speaks to the cognitive processes of bounded ethicality—including ethical fading, motivated blindness, and the slippery slope—and their role in facilitating and perpetuating sexual harassment. We conclude by highlighting the value to be gained from integrating research on sexual harassment with research on behavioral ethics and identifying several practical steps that can be taken to curb sexual harassment in academia.
#MeToo, Statutory Rape Laws, and the Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garfield Tenzer, Leslie
Quelle: Utah Law Review, (2019) , S 117–157
Inhalt: Using the example of statutory rape laws, this article explains how movements for increased equality between men and women can fail to meet their stated goals. The article begins by exploring traditional statutory rape laws, which stereotypically gendered perpetrators and victims. It follows with a discussion of the political forces behind the nation-wide change to neutralize gendered statutes. The article dedicates significant attention to the flaws of gender-neutral statutory rape laws, which, by removing gender designations of victims and perpetrators, grant prosecutors unchecked discretion to choose which partner to charge in cases of mutual consent to the same prohibited conduct. Today prosecutors are three times more likely to charge males with statutory rape than they are to charge females with the crime. Parents of females’ alert authorities of prohibited sexual activity of their daughters at a rate that is largely disproportionate to that of parents of males. Prosecutorial stereotyping as it pertains to prohibited sexual intimacy between consenting teens has created an unfortunate return to the female-victim paradigm that proponents of gender-neutral statutory rape laws sought to erase. The article concludes with a recommendation for achieving a more balanced application of gender-neutral laws.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Feminimus; feminism; gender stereotypes; Gesetzgebung; law; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Stereotype
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Quelle: Journal of the European Economic Association, 17 (2019) 2, S 535–566
Inhalt: This paper provides new evidence on gender bias in teaching evaluations. We exploit a quasi-experimental dataset of 19,952 student evaluations of university faculty in a context where students are randomly allocated to female or male instructors. Despite the fact that neither students’ grades nor self-study hours are affected by the instructor’s gender, we find that women receive systematically lower teaching evaluations than their male colleagues. This bias is driven by male students’ evaluations, is larger for mathematical courses, and particularly pronounced for junior women. The gender bias in teaching evaluations we document may have direct as well as indirect effects on the career progression of women by affecting junior women’s confidence and through the reallocation of instructor resources away from research and toward teaching. (JEL: J16, J71, I23, J45)
Schlagwörter:Diskriminierung; gender bias; Lehrevaluation; Student; Studium
CEWS Kategorie:Studium und Studierende, Geschlechterverhältnis
CEWS Kategorie:Fördermaßnahmen, Statistik und statistische Daten, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Sammelwerksbeitrag
Social or Economic Goals? The Professional Goal Orientation of Students Enrolled in STEM and Non-STEM Majors in University
Autor/in:
Wolter, Ilka; Ehrtmann, Lisa; Seidel, Tina; Drechsel, Barbara
Quelle: Front. Psychol. (Frontiers in Psychology), 10 (2019)
Inhalt: Various studies try to disentangle the gender-specific competencies or decisions that lead to a career in a STEM field and try to find a way to encourage more women to pursue this kind of career. The present study examines differences in the meaning of work (i.e., their professional goal orientation) of students who are enrolled in STEM or non-STEM programs in tertiary education. Based on the background that gender stereotypes associate women and men with communal or agentic roles respectively, we expected that women in STEM subjects differ in their professional goal orientation from women in non-STEM programs. More precisely, women who are enrolled in a STEM major are expected to be less oriented to social and communal goal orientations than women in non-STEM university programs. In a sample of 5857 second year university students of the German National Educational Panel Study three profiles of professional goal orientation were confirmed in a latent profile analysis. As expected, women were more oriented towards social aspects of occupations, whereas men more likely belonged to a profile with high importance for economic aspects of occupations. Moreover, students enrolled in STEM programs more likely belonged to the profile of economic goal orientation. There was, however, no interaction of gender and STEM program: Women in STEM fields did not differ in their occupational goal orientation from women enrolled in non-STEM programs. Based on these findings and on a goal congruity perspective, future interventions aiming at overcoming the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields should consider the individual meaning of work and the goals that are associated with STEM occupations.
‘Mentoring and sponsorship in Higher Educational institutions : Men’s invisible advantage in STEM’?
Autor/in:
O’Connor, Pat; O'Hagan, Angela; Myers, Eva Sophie
Quelle: Higher Education Research and Development, 39 (2019) 4, S 1–14
Inhalt: This article is concerned with the source of men’s invisible advantage in the male dominated disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). It is suggested that this advantage has been obscured by combining sponsorship and mentoring. The research asks: Are men or women most likely to be mentored? Is it possible to distinguish between mentoring and sponsorship? Is there gender variation in either or both of these depending on the source – whether from the academic supervisor, line manager or other senior academics. This qualitative study draws on interview data from 106 respondents (57 men and 48 women) at junior, middle and senior levels, in four universities: one each in Bulgaria, Denmark, Ireland and Turkey. It shows that both men and women received mentoring from their PhD supervisor, albeit with slightly different reported nuances. Men were more likely than women to receive sponsorship in that relationship. Both men and women received sponsorship from the Head of Department, whose wider responsibilities may have reduced homophily. Men were more likely than women to receive sponsorship and mentoring from senior men, with most women indicating a lack of access to such senior academics. By distinguishing between mentoring and sponsorship, this article contributes to our understanding of the way male dominance in STEM is perpetuated and suggests the source of men’s invisible advantage in STEM.
Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Entscheidungsgremien von Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen
Autor/in:
Löther, Andrea
Quelle: Chancengleichheit in Wissenschaft und Forschung. Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz (GWK) (Hrsg.), Bonn. 2019, S 1–21
Inhalt: Die Beteiligung von Frauen an Entscheidungsprozessen und damit an (fach-)politischer Macht ist ein wesentliches Element von Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Das Hochschulrahmengesetz, das Bundesgremienbesetzungsgesetz und die Hochschulgesetze der Länder setzen dafür die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen. In dem Beitrag wird die geschlechterspezifische Besetzung von Entscheidungsgremien an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen untersucht. Für die Hochschulen werden dabei die Hochschul- und Fakultätsleitungen sowie die Senate und Hochschulräte, für die außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen die Aufsichtsgremien betrachtet. Analysiert wird die Beteiligung von Frauen im zeitlichen Verlauf sowie differenziert nach Hochschultypen und Bundesländern bzw. nach Forschungsverbünden. Datengrundlage sind die Hochschulstatistik des Statistischen Bundesamtes sowie Erhebungen des CEWS und der GWK und Auswertungen von Daten der HRK.
In Hochschulleitungen sind fast 30 Prozent Frauen tätig, und 21 Prozent der Rektor_innen und Präsident_innen sind Frauen. In den letzten 20 Jahren hat sich der Frauenanteil in den Hochschulleitungen verdreifacht, an der Leitungsspitze vervierfacht. Auch in den Hochschulsenaten, den Hochschulräten sowie den Aufsichtsgremien der außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen sind rund ein Drittel der Sitze mit Frauen besetzt. Dagegen sind In den Fakultätsleitungen lediglich 18 Prozent der Dekan_innen und 24 Prozent der Prodekan_innen Frauen.
Schlagwörter:Dekan; Fakultätsleitung; Forschungseinrichtung; Frauenanteil; Geschlechterverhältnis; Gremien; Hochschule; Hochschulleitung; Statistik
Ergebnisse der Geichstellungserhebung in der außeruniversitären naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Forschung in Österreich - Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie
Autor/in:
Holzinger, Florian; Hafellner, Silvia; Schön, Lisa
Quelle: Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH; Wien (Research Report Series, 195/2018), 2019.
