The influence of popular beliefs about childbirth on fertility patterns in mid-twentieth-century Netherlands
Titelübersetzung:Der Volksglauben über Geburten als Einflussfaktor auf Fruchtbarkeitsmuster in den Niederlanden Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Autor/in:
Bras, Hilde
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 76-103
Inhalt: "Ever since the Princeton European Fertility Project on the decline of fertility, the question of how (changes in) cultural beliefs have influenced the historical fertility transition has been in the forefront of historical demographic research. Previous research has however mostly assessed the influence of religious denomination and has not examined the impact of wider beliefs or 'cultural life scripts'. On the basis of a folklore questionnaire, this article examines the occurrence, content, and geographical patterning of popular beliefs about childbearing in relation to fertility patterns in 1.022 rural Dutch communities during the nineteen forties. Beliefs in isolation and churching of women existed in almost half of all communities, particularly among Catholic populations, while fear of enchantment of infants was still alive in about a fifth of all municipalities. To be sure, such popular beliefs were rapidly vanishing and remnants were still found in isolated and strongly religious areas. A multivariate analysis shows that in communities where beliefs in churching and witchcraft still existed, birth rates were significantly higher. The study shows the salience of including popular beliefs in studies of fertility behavior and fertility decline. Moreover, it extends the concept of cultural life scripts beyond that of age norms to include prescriptions on social contexts, conducts, and practices surrounding important life passages." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Netherlands; Geburtenrückgang; fertility; Katholik; birth; reproductive behavior; determinants; kulturelle Faktoren; declining birth rate; faith; Fruchtbarkeit; Glaube; cultural factors; Roman Catholic; generatives Verhalten; Ritual; Aberglaube; ritual; woman; Geburt; superstition; Religion; religion; gender-specific factors; Determinanten; twentieth century; Niederlande; cultural life script; popular beliefs
SSOAR Kategorie:Religionssoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, Bevölkerung
"At age 27, she gets furious": scripts on marriage and life course variation in The Netherlands, 1850-1970
Titelübersetzung:"Mit 27 Jahren wird sie unruhig": Skripte über Ehe und Lebenslauf-Variation in den Niederlanden, 1850-1970
Autor/in:
Kok, Jan
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 1, S 113-132
Inhalt: "Marrying too old, too young, or not at all could elicit scorn from all sides: family, friends and neighbours. The same could occur when a partner was much younger or older. During modernization new societal norms on marriage are supposed to have emerged and to have become more pervasive, as individual access to and timing of marriage became less dependent on family fortunes and family strategies. In this article, life courses of more than 15.000 Dutch individuals are studied in order to answer the question: was their timing of marriage and choice of partner related to (changing) life scripts - and what social or cultural groups were the carriers of these scripts - or still predominantly determined by family dynamics?" (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:20. Jahrhundert; Netherlands; 19. Jahrhundert; soziale Norm; Ehe; cultural factors; marriage; wedding; Heirat; kulturelle Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; social norm; sozioökonomische Faktoren; woman; Partnerwahl; choice of partner; gender-specific factors; age; twentieth century; Lebensalter; nineteenth century; Niederlande; celibacy; late marriage; early marriage; age homogamy; life scripts
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Titelübersetzung:Terrorismus, Gender und Geschichtswissenschaft - eine Einleitung
Autor/in:
Schraut, Sylvia; Weinhauer, Klaus
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 7-45
Inhalt: After some introductory remarks, this article gives a brief overview on contem-porary terrorism research in the political and social sciences. Then, the important contributions historical studies have made to enhance the academic knowledge about terrorism are sketched. The third part provides an overview which not only critically discusses the state of research on gendered aspects of terrorism but also demonstrates the stimulating insights gained by employing a historical perspective in this field. In the fourth chapter, the authors outline some promising topics of future terrorism research which all can be studied from gender sensitive historical perspectives. Finally the results of the contributions put together for this HSR Special Issue are summarized.
Schlagwörter:zone; soziales Milieu; gender; historische Entwicklung; social milieu; victim; communication; Raum; Kommunikation; Gender; Opfer; Diskurs; discourse; research approach; Forschungsansatz; historical development; political violence; gender-specific factors; terrorism; politische Gewalt; Terrorismus; periodization of terrorism; cultures of memory
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Titelübersetzung:Politikwissenschaft, Terrorismus und Gender
Autor/in:
Herschinger, Eva
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 39 (2014) 3, S 46-66
Inhalt: This contribution aims to give an overview on the state of the art of research on terrorism and gender in the field of Political Science and International Relations (IR). Contemporary analyses of terrorism have begun integrating gender aspects into their frameworks. This article supports the call for a much more coherent use of gender as an analytical category as this is beneficial for the analysis of ter-rorism in a threefold manner. First, gender as an analytical category in the study of terrorism exposes the gender blindness of the term terrorism; second, gender challenges the political myth of protection central to international politics, i.e. that states can legitimately fight wars to protect the vulnerable – vulgo women and children. Third, gender also challenges the myth of an intrinsic peacefulness/vulnerability of women. The paper closes with the plea to integrate a coherent historical dimension into a gendered analysis of terrorism in order to potentially achieve a more empirically attuned theoretical understanding of terrorism and political violence in current times.
Schlagwörter:international relations; gender; Stereotyp; victim; Opfer; violence; stereotype; Gewalt; woman; political violence; Täter; internationale Beziehungen; gender-specific factors; terrorism; politische Gewalt; Terrorismus; political science; Politikwissenschaft; offender
SSOAR Kategorie:Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
The evolution of labor relations inside a Russian firm during late tansition: evidence from personnel data
Titelübersetzung:Die Entwicklung innerbetrieblicher Arbeitsverhältnisse einer russischen Firma in Zeiten der Transformation: Evidenz von Personaldaten
Autor/in:
Lehmann, Hartmut
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 35 (2010) 2, S 334-361
Inhalt: "Diese Studie bespricht drei Arbeiten, die sich mit dem internen Arbeitsmarkt einer russischen Firma in den Jahren 1997 bis 2002 befassen und sich dabei auf drei Themenbereiche konzentrieren. Die Arbeiten analysieren bisher nicht zugängliche Personaldaten, die die Arbeitsgeschichte jedes einzelnen Beschäftigten sowie monatliche Löhne und Gesamtvergütung im Jahresdurchschnitt beinhalten. Da diese Arbeiten Teil eines größeren Forschungsprojektes über interne Arbeitsmärkte in Russland und der Ukraine sind, beginnt unsere Studie mit einer generellen Einschätzung, wie die Analyse von Personaldaten aus Transformationsländern zur allgemeinen Literatur über interne Arbeitsmärkte beitragen kann. Kurzen Beschreibungen der analysierten Firma und der benutzten Personaldaten folgen die Motivierung und ausschlaggebenden Resultate der drei Arbeiten. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Frage, wie die Kosten der russischen Finanzkrise des Jahres 1998 auf die Beschäftigten innerhalb der Firma verteilt werden und ob langjährig beschäftigte Arbeitnehmer von negativen Schocks abgeschirmt werden. Das zweite Papier betrachtet die Diskussion über die Lohnbestimmung in Russland und analysiert die engere Fragestellung, ob lokale Arbeitsmarktbedingungen einen wichtigen Faktor im Lohnbestimmungsprozess darstellen oder ob stabile interne Arbeitsmarktstrukturen von vorrangiger Bedeutung für das Personalmanagement der Firma sind. Die letzte besprochene Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zu der Literatur über die Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen von Frauen während der Transformation, indem sie die Entwicklung und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohndifferentials innerhalb der Firma aufzeigt." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper surveys three studies on the internal labor market of one Russian firm spanning the years 1997 to 2002 and focusing on three different issues. The studies use unique personnel data that were collected by us and that include the work history of each employee as well as annual averages of monthly wages and total compensation. Since the three studies are part of a larger project on internal labor markets in Russia and Ukraine during transition, the paper starts off with a general assessment of how the analysis of personnel data from transition countries can contribute to the general literature on internal labor markets. After short descriptions of the investigated firm and the personnel data at our disposal, the motivation and the pertinent results of the three studies are presented. While the first study looks at the question how the costs of a financial crisis are spread over the workforce and whether incumbent employees are sheltered from negative shocks in the economy, the second study is tied to the discussion of wage determination in Russia and analyzes the narrower question whether local labor market conditions are an important factor in the wage determination process of the firm at hand or whether stable internal labor market structures are of primary concern for its human resource managers. The third study contributes to the literature on the labor market experience of women in transition by analyzing the evolution and the determinants of the gender earnings gap in the firm." (author's abstract)
Educated elites in pre-socialist Hungary - 1867-1948: issues, approaches, sources and some preliminary results of an overall survey
Titelübersetzung:Bildungseliten im vorsozialistischen Ungarn - 1867-1948: Probleme, Methoden, Quellen und vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung
Autor/in:
Karady, Victor
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 33 (2008) 2, S 154-173
Inhalt: 'The main target of this paper is to report on the process of the formation of educated elites in Hungary since the end of feudalism and the birth of the nation state following the 1848 Revolution and the 1867 Compromise with Austria. The paper describes our long term study of elites during the political, administrative, economic and cultural modernization of Hungarian society within its historically given territories (outside Croatia). The survey is broken down into three long periods and structural parts: (1867-1918): liberal nation-building in the historic kingdom comprising the whole Carpathian Basin (multi-ethnic Magyar Empire) (survey of both the graduates of higher (post-secondary) education and of 'reputational elites' independently from their educational credentials).- (1919-1948) authoritarian anti-Liberal regime (involvement in World War 2 and the Nazi adventure followed by Liberation via the Red Army) ( survey of both graduates and 'reputational elites').- Communism and post-Communism (Stalinist and post-Stalinist Communist regime after 1956, post-Communism since 1989) ( survey of members of 'reputational elites' only).' (author's abstract)|
Schlagwörter:post-socialist country; modernization; education; soziale Herkunft; Elite; politische Elite; Student; student; political change; school graduation; subject of study; university; Schulabschluss; medicine; historical analysis; elite research; religious factors; Eliteforschung; postsozialistisches Land; Lebensalter; political elite; Bildung; historische Analyse; social background; Studienfach; regionale Faktoren; ethnische Gruppe; regional factors; politischer Wandel; religiöse Faktoren; ethnic group; Medizin; elite; Austria-Hungary; sozialer Wandel; Ungarn; gender-specific factors; social change; age; Österreich-Ungarn; Hungary; Modernisierung
Servants in preindustrial Europe: gender differences
Titelübersetzung:Diener im vorindustriellen Europa: Geschlechterdifferenzen
Autor/in:
Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2, S 112-129
Inhalt: Die spezifische Arbeit und die Mobilität männlicher wie weiblicher Dienerschaft hängen eng mit dem sozioökonomischen Übergang und der Urbanisierung der vorindustriellen europäischen Gesellschaften zusammen. Hausdienst wird als Parameter des europäischen Familienmodells eingeführt. Der Arbeitsmarkt für Diener und Lehrlinge, die fern ihrer Heimat arbeiteten, wird bis 1597 zurückverfolgt. Anhand von Tabellen werden die Anzahl und das Lebensalter ländlicher und städtischer Hausdienerschaft in verschiedenen französischen Gemeinden miteinander verglichen. Auch das Aufkommen einer Dienerschaft im fortgeschrittenen Lebensalter wird erwähnt. Anhand von Tabellen verschiedener europäischer Staaten im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert und besonders am Fallbeispiel der französischen Stadt Rheims werden u.a. die ländlichen Ursprünge der städtischen Dienerschaft und die Mobilität von weiblichen Hausangestellten nachgewiesen. Der Arbeitsmarkt für männliche und weibliche Dienerschaft entwickelte sich stetig vom 18. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein, wenn auch für Frauen mehr als für Männer. (prf)
Inhalt: 'The specific mobility and type of work of servants of both sexes were indeed a major feature in the delineation of building up European societies. Domestic service was the main way to elect for young rurals wanting to migrate towards small and big towns, since they could consider service as a transitory phase, giving them an opportunity to adapt themselves to a new way of life before marriage. From that point of view, domestic service contributed greatly to social change: a great number of young males and females turned their backs to traditional family and village life to the prospect of better ways of life in urban surroundings for a change, but were only able to find immediate employment as servants in these preindustrial eras. The prevalence of domestic service for young people is put in evidence, studying gender differences according to age groups. We might say that large towns counted more than 10 women out of 100 in a position of servants at a master's home at the end of the 17th century, and usually less than 10% of men in the same position. This rate increased steadily for all European towns as a consequence of massive rural exodus and of the opportunities offered on the overall female job markets, particularly on the domestic service market.' (author's abstract)
Small town development and urban illiteracy: comparative evidence from Leicestershire marriage registers 1754-1890
Titelübersetzung:Kleinstadtentwicklung und städtisches Analphabetentum: vergleichende Aussagen anhand des Heiratsregisters von Leicestershire 1754-1890
Autor/in:
Hoyler, Michael
Quelle: Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2, S 202-230
Inhalt: Mit dem Aufkommen einer allgemeinen Bildung im England der Frühmoderne werden die geographisch bedingten Bildungsunterschiede offenbar. Aus drei Kleinstädten mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftsfunktionen werden die anglikanischen Heiratsregister des Zeitraums 1754 - 1890 analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird gefragt, wie sich zur Zeit der Industrialisierung in Kleinstadtgesellschaften vor allem die sozioökonomischen Unterschiede auf das Bildungsniveau auswirkten. Ferner wird nach Unterschieden zwischen einer Stadt und ihrer Umgebung gefragt. So werden Muster des Analphabetentums herausgearbeitet. Dabei zeigt sich ein enger und geschlechtsspezifischer Zusammenhang zwischen Analphabetismus und städtischen Beschäftigungs- und Sozialstrukturen. Bildung beeinflußte nur dann das Heiratsalter und verband sich mit großer Heiratsentfernung, wenn beide Gatten in der Lage waren, das Heiratsregister zu unterzeichnen. Anderenfalls rangierten sozioökonomische Bestimmungsfaktoren vor Bildungsfaktoren. (prf)
Inhalt: 'Geographical variations in literacy levels are a constituent feature of the long process of educational expansion in England. Based on the analysis of Anglican marriage registers for the period 1754 to 1890, the article explores patterns of illiteracy in three small Leicestershire towns with contrasting economic functions. Illiteracy levels were closely related to urban occupational and social structures, which also affected distinct gender differentials. Evidence on the effect of literacy on age at marriage and marriage distance suggests that demographic behaviour and spatial interaction were determined more by socio-economic factors than by the possession of literacy skills. Literacy attainment, however, was linked to extended marriage distances when both spouses could sign the register.' (author s abstract)