Gender and publication rates : a reassessment with population data
Autor/in:
Rubin, Allen; Powell, David M.
Quelle: Social work : journal of the National Association of Social Workers, Vol. 32 (1987) No. 4, S. 317-320
Inhalt: "This article discusses disagreement over the importance of gender in explaining publication rates among social work faculty; suggests a possible reason for disagreement is that the data base was inadequate; used a newly available data base, controlled for variables other than gender to show no meaningful differences in gender were found in publication rates." (author's abstract)
Gendering excellence through research productivity indicators
Autor/in:
Nygaard, Lynn P.; Piro, Fredrik N.; Aksnes, Dag W.
Quelle: Gender and Education, (2022) , S 1–15
Inhalt: As the importance of ‘excellence’ increases in higher education, so too does the importance of indicators to measure research productivity. We examine how such indicators might disproportionately benefit men by analysing extent to which the separate components of the Norwegian Publication Indicator (NPI), a bibliometric model used to distribute performance-based funding to research institutions, might amplify existing gender gaps in productivity. Drawing from Norwegian bibliometric data for 43,500 individuals, we find that each element of the indicator (weighting based on publication type, publication channel, and international collaboration, as well as fractionalization of co-authorship) has a small, but cumulative effect resulting in women on average receiving 10 per cent fewer publication points than men per publication. In other words, we see a gender gap that is not only caused by a difference in the level of production but is also amplified by the value ascribed to each publication.
Sex differences in the number of scientific publications and citations when attaining the rank of professor in Sweden
Autor/in:
Madison, Guy; Fahlman, Pontus
Quelle: Studies in Higher Education, 46 (2021) 12, S 2506–2527
Inhalt: The proportion of women tends to decrease the higher the academic rank, following a global pattern. Sweden has taken comprehensive measures to decrease this gap across 30 years, and many countries are following a similar path. Yet today only 27% of faculty with the rank of professor in Sweden are female. A common explanation is that academia is biased against women. According to this hypothesis, women have to reach higher levels of scholarly achievement than men to be appointed to the same academic rank. Publication metrics when attaining the rank of professor were compiled from the Web of Science for samples of the whole population of 1345 professors appointed at the six largest universities in Sweden during a six-year period. Men had significantly more publications and citations in both medicine and in the social sciences, rejecting the hypothesis that women are held to a higher scholarly standard in this context.
Gender Differences in Publication Productivity Among Academic Scientists and Engineers in the U.S. and China : Similarities and Differences
Autor/in:
Tao, Yu; Hong, Wei; Ma, Ying
Quelle: Minerva, 55 (2017) 4, S 459–484
Inhalt: Gender differences in science and engineering (S&E) have been studied in various countries. Most of these studies find that women are underrepresented in the S&E workforce and publish less than their male peers. The factors that contribute to gender differences in experience and performance in S&E careers can vary from one country to another, yet they remain underexplored. This paper is among the first to systematically compare gender differences in the publication productivity of academic scientists and engineers with doctoral degrees in the U.S. and China. Findings from negative binomial regressions show that women publish less than their male counterparts in science but not in engineering in the U.S. In China, women do not differ from men in publication productivity in science but publish more than their male counterparts in engineering. In addition, we find that some background variables affect men’s and women’s publication productivity differently. The findings are analyzed in the context of the different cultures of the two fields (science vs. engineering) and of the two countries (the U.S. and China). Limitations and policy implications are also discussed.
‘Publish or perish’ : Family life and academic research productivity
Autor/in:
Callaghan, Chris W.
Quelle: SA j. hum. resour. manag. (SA Journal of Human Resource Management), 15 (2017) 2, 307 S
Inhalt: Research purpose: The influence of work-to-family and family-to-work spillovers is well documented in the human resources literature. However, little is known of the relationships between the pressures faced by academics to publish and the potential family life consequences of being a highly productive academic.
Research design, approach and method: This research sought to investigate these relationships within the context of a large South African university by testing associations between family life variables such as marriage and dependent children against measures of the following specific types of research publication: (1) South African Department of Higher Education and Training–accredited journal publications; (2) Thompson Reuters Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and ProQuest’s International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)– indexed journal article publications; (3) conference proceedings publications; (4) conference paper presentations; (5) book chapter publications; (6) book publications; and (7) gross research productivity, reflecting a volume or quantity measure of research publication.
Main findings: ISI and/or IBSS journal article publication is found to be negatively associated with dependent children, but only for male academics, and to be negatively associated with female gender over and above the effect of family life variables in testing.
Practical/managerial implications: Human resources managers in universities need to be cognisant of the specific pressures faced by staff that are required to produce ever more research publications, in order to help them achieve work–life balance.
Contribution: In a global context of increasing pressures for research publication, and for higher and higher numbers of publications, it is necessary to identify the potential costs involved for high-volume–producing academics, particularly in terms of family versus work.
Keywords: research productivity; family-work life balance
Schlagwörter:Familie; Forschungsproduktivität; Publikation; South Africa; Südafrika; Vereinbarkeit; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Who is publishing journal articles during graduate school? Racial and gender inequalities in biological sciences over time
Autor/in:
Roksa, Josipa; Wang, Yapeng; Feldon, David; Ericson, Matthew
Quelle: Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 15 (2022) 1, S 47–57
Inhalt: Despite increased enrolment of women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in doctoral programs, notable inequalities in academic careers persist. We investigate one potential source of these inequalities: publication rates during graduate school. Results, based on a sample of doctoral students in biological sciences across 53 institutions, indicate that both white women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (African American and Latinx) have lower publication rates than white men. Notably, these gaps grow over time and are not explained by background factors, socialization experiences, or family obligations. The same patterns persist for first-authored publications for African American and Latinx students, but not white women, suggesting potentially differential mechanisms of exclusion. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Longitudinal analyses of gender differences in first authorship publications related to COVID-19
Autor/in:
Lerchenmüller, Carolin; Schmallenbach, Leo; Jena, Anupam B.; Lerchenmueller, Marc J.
Quelle: BMJ Open, 11 (2021) 4
Inhalt: Objective Concerns have been raised that the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted research productivity to the disadvantage of women in academia, particularly in early career stages. In this study, we aimed to assess the pandemic\textquoterights COVID-19-related research output appears particularly concerning as many disciplines informing the response to the pandemic had near equal gender shares of first authorship in the year prior to the pandemic. The acute productivity drain with the onset of the pandemic magnifies deep-rooted obstacles on the way to gender equity in scientific contribution.All data and source code generated and analysed during the current study can be accessed athttps://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OOTXIW (Harvard Dataverse).
The role of women scholars in the Chilean collaborative educational research : A social network analysis
Autor/in:
Queupil, Juan Pablo; Muñoz García, Ana Luisa
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 78 (2019) 1, S 115–131
Inhalt: Collaboration is an indispensable tool to promote and increase research. However, little is known about the role of women in collaborative efforts among educational scholars, especially in developing countries, such as Chile. We apply social network analysis (SNA) to examine the relationships and patterns that emerge from a dataset retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) of coauthored scholarly publications. Using sociograms and networks’ centrality indicators (density, degree, betweenness, and closeness) and bibliometric results, this study focuses on detecting the role of women in the collaborative networks. Our results show that the presence of women in the research space is stable across time, but they tend to collaborate more than men, acting as important bridgers since 2000, and that their contribution is relevant in promoting networking. This paper invites a reflection about the policies of research and gender, as well as the positionality of women doing knowledge on education.
Men, women, and publication productivity : patterns among social work academics
Autor/in:
Frank Fox, Mary; Faver, Catherine A.
Quelle: The sociological quarterly : official journal of the Midwest Sociological Society, Vol. 26 (1985) No. 4, S. 537-549
Inhalt: "This article analyzes how three sets of characteristics: (1) individual attitudes, practices, and academic position; (2) location and professional connections; and (3) marital/ family statuses operate in explaining the publication productivity of men and women in a national sample of social work academics. We find that: (1) together, the variables explain more variance in women's than men's publication rate; (2) comparing female models to male models, the effect of at itudes and practices are more stable for women; and (3) professional connections and family statuses operate differently for women as compared to men." (author's abstract)
Closed vs. Open Access: szientometrische Untersuchung dreier sozialwissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften aus der Genderperspektive
Titelübersetzung:Closed vs. open access: scientometric gender analysis of three social science journals
Autor/in:
Tüür-Fröhlich, Terje
Quelle: Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis, 62 (2011) 4, S 173-176
Inhalt: "Der Artikel ist Teil einer größeren Untersuchung zu den Potentialen von Open Access Publishing zur Erhöhung der Publikations- und damit Karrierechancen von Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen. Es werden drei inhaltlich und methodisch ähnliche sozialwissenschaftliche Zeitschriften verglichen: das Open-Access-Journal 'Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung' ('FQS') und die zwei Closed-Access-/ Hybridjournale 'Zeitschrift für qualitative Forschung' und 'Sozialer Sinn'. Erhoben wird
(a) der jeweilige Frauenanteil unter Redaktions- und Beiratsmitgliedern dieser drei Zeitschriften (N=184 insgesamt), (b) aufwändig rekonstruiert und analysiert wird die Genderstruktur der Autorenschaften aller in den drei Zeitschriften zwischen 2000 und 2008 veröffentlichten Beiträge (Totalerhebung, N=1557 insgesamt)." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The paper is part of a larger investigation which analyses the potentials of open access publishing in order to increase the publication and therefore career opportunities for female
social scientists. It compares three thematically and methodologically similar social sciences journals: the open-access journal 'Forum Qualitative Social Research' (FQS) and the two Closed-Access-/ Hybrid journals 'Zeitschrift für qualitative Forschung' (ZQF) and 'Sozialer Sinn' (SoSi). The data was collected on the percentage of female editorial and advisory board members of these three journals (N=184 total). An extensive reconstruction and analysis was carried out to mark the gender structure of the authorship of the three journals 2000-2008 published articles (N=1557 total)." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:publication; gender; open access; Chancengleichheit; Sozialwissenschaftler; Internet; Gender; Publikation; Open Access; Wissenschaftlerin; Karriere; woman; specialized communication; Internet; periodical; female scientist; equal opportunity; fachliche Kommunikation; career; Zeitschrift; social scientist; Wissenschaftskommunikation; ; woman; female; career; scientific communication; journal; empirical research
Publishing, signaling, social capital, and gender: Determinants of becoming a tenured professor in German political science
Autor/in:
Schröder, Martin; Lutter, Mark; Habicht, Isabel M.
Quelle: PLOS ONE (PLOS ONE), 16 (2021) 1
Inhalt: We apply event history analysis to analyze career and publication data of virtually all political scientists in German university departments, showing that each published refereed journal article increases a political scientist's chance for tenure by 9 percent, while other publications affect the odds for tenure only marginally and in some cases even negatively. Each received award and third party funding increases the odds for tenure by respectively 41 and 26 percent, while international experience, social capital and children hardly have a strong influence. Surprisingly, having degrees from a German university of excellence strongly decreases the odds for tenure. Women with similar credentials have at least 20 percent higher odds to get tenure than men. Our data therefore suggests that the lower factual hiring rates of women are better explained by a leaky pipeline, e.g. women leaving academia, rather than because women are not hired even when they are as productive as men. The article contributes to a better understanding of the role of meritocratic and non-meritocratic factors in achieving highly competitive job positions.
Ein paar Auszüge: SSCI Publikationen sind besonders wichtig. Ähnliche Signalwirkungen haben Drittmittelprojekte und wissenschaftliche Auszeichnungen. Frauen mit gleichen Charakteristika wie Männer haben keine schlechteren Chancen, berufen zu werden. Danach interessierte uns, warum einige Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler produktiver sind.
Die Verteilung wissenschaftlicher Güter : Publikationen, Projekte und Professuren zwischen Bewerbung und Bewilligung
Titelübersetzung:Distribution of scientific goods : publications, projects and professors between application and approval
Autor/in:
Allmendinger, Jutta; Hinz, Thomas
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Frauenforschung und Geschlechterstudien, Jg. 20 (2002) H. 3, S. 18-29
Inhalt: Vor dem Hintergrund der Feststellung, dass der Anteil von Frauen unter den Beschäftigten an Hochschulen und außeruniversitären Forschungsinstituten weiterhin gering ist und in absehbarer Zukunft auch bleiben wird, setzt sich die rein empirische Untersuchung mit "möglichen geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in Bewerbungsverhalten und bei den Erfolgschancen" auseinander. Dabei werden, beschränkt auf das Fach der Soziologie, drei Aspekte näher beleuchtet: (1) die Publikationschancen von eingereichten Manuskripten, (2) die Bewilligungschancen von eingereichten Drittmittelanträgen und (3) die Berufschancen bei Bewerbungen auf eine Professur. Die Ursachenforschung für geschlechtsspezifische Erfolgsaussichten konzentriert sich auf die Segregation nach Geschlecht bei der Besetzung von Teilgebieten in der Soziologie. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass "Wissenschaftlerinnen ähnliche Aktivitäten wie ihre männlichen Kollegen" aufweisen, die Erfolgschancen aber in allen drei Bereichen zu Ungunsten der Frauen ausfallen. (ICG)
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Authorship in top-ranked mathematical and physical journals: Role of gender on self-perceptions and bibliographic evidence
Autor/in:
Mihaljević, Helena; Santamaría, Lucía
Quelle: Quantitative Science Studies, 1 (2020) 4, S 1468–1492
Inhalt: Despite increasing rates of women researching in math-intensive fields, publications by female authors remain underrepresented. By analyzing millions of records from the dedicated bibliographic databases zbMATH, arXiv, and ADS, we unveil the chronological evolution of authorships by women in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. We observe a pronounced shortage of female authors in top-ranked journals, with quasistagnant figures in various distinguished periodicals in the first two disciplines and a significantly more equitable situation in the latter. Additionally, we provide an interactive open-access web interface to further examine the data. To address whether female scholars submit fewer articles for publication to relevant journals or whether they are consciously or unconsciously disadvantaged by the peer review system, we also study authors’ perceptions of their submission practices and analyze around 10,000 responses, collected as part of a recent global survey of scientists. Our analysis indicates that men and women perceive their submission practices to be similar, with no evidence that a significantly lower number of submissions by women is responsible for their underrepresentation in top-ranked journals. According to the self-reported responses, a larger number of articles submitted to prestigious venues correlates rather with aspects associated with pronounced research activity, a well-established network, and academic seniority.
Researching Gender Inequalities in Academic Labour during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Avoiding Common Problems and Asking Different Questions
Autor/in:
Pereira, Maria do Mar
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2021)
Inhalt: As the COVID‐19 pandemic unfolds, a growing body of international literature is analysing the effects of the pandemic on academic labour and, specifically, on gender inequalities in academia. In that literature, much attention has been devoted to comparing the unequal impacts of COVID‐19 on the research activities of women and men, with studies demonstrating that women's research productivity has been disproportionately disrupted, in ways that are likely to have detrimental effects in the short‐ and long‐term. In this paper, I discuss that emerging literature on gender inequalities in pandemic academic productivity. I reflect on the questions asked, the issues centred and the assumptions made within this literature, devoting particular attention to how authors conceptualise academic labour and productivity, on the one hand, and gender, on the other. I show that this literature makes major contributions to exposing old and new gender inequalities in academia, but argue that it also risks reproducing some problematic assumptions about gender and about academic work. Discussing those assumptions and their effects, I identify some important questions for us to consider as we expand this literature and deepen our understanding of the complex gendered effects of COVID‐19 on academic labour.
Quelle: Gend Work Organ (Gender, Work and Organization), (2021)
Inhalt: This study aims to explore the COVID‐19 experiences of Turkish female academics in terms of gender roles by focusing on how these women have dealt with domestic and academic responsibilities. The study group consisted of 21 female academics working from home, along with their spouses. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the data collected through semistructured telephone interviews. The findings were clustered under five main themes: the early days of the pandemic, work life after the pandemic, domestic responsibilities after the pandemic, family relationships after the pandemic, and the perception of gender roles. The results indicate that the pandemic has deepened gender inequalities, and the academic life of female academics has changed in terms of academic productivity. Therefore, we recommend that more research examining the quarantine process and involving women in other occupations and of different socioeconomic statuses should be done to develop more effective social policies.
The Pandemic Penalty : The Gendered Effects of COVID-19 on Scientific Productivity
Autor/in:
King, Molly M.; Frederickson, Megan E.
Quelle: Socius, 7 (2021) , S 1–24
Inhalt: Academia serves as a valuable case for studying the effects of social forces on workplace productivity, using a concrete measure of output: scholarly papers. Many academics, especially women, have experienced unprecedented challenges to scholarly productivity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The authors analyze the gender composition of more than 450,000 authorships in the arXiv and bioRxiv scholarly preprint repositories from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis reveals that the underrepresentation of women scientists in the last authorship position necessary for retention and promotion in the sciences is growing more inequitable. The authors find differences between the arXiv and bioRxiv repositories in how gender affects first, middle, and sole authorship submission rates before and during the pandemic. A review of existing research and theory outlines potential mechanisms underlying this widening gender gap in productivity during COVID-19. The authors aggregate recommendations for institutional change that could ameliorate challenges to women’s productivity during the pandemic and beyond.
Evaluation of accepted and rejected submissions in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis: Gender and experience
Autor/in:
Kranak, Michael P.; Rooker, Griffin W.; Carr, Codey J.; Bradtke, Peter; Falligant, John Michael; Hausman, Nicole L.
Quelle: Journal of applied behavior analysis, 54 (2021) 3, S 1175–1187
Inhalt: Researchers have examined factors of authors such as sex of author, gender identity, and seniority within the field of behavior analysis to determine if any biases towards a certain group existed. Most recently, Kranak et al. (2020) found that women and new authors are well-represented in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). However, that analysis included only published manuscripts. Thus, the degree to which these subpopulations are proportionally represented is unknown, because that analysis was unable to determine how often these subpopulations are submitting manuscripts. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to extend Kranak et al. and analyze all accepted and rejected manuscripts submitted to JABA from 2015 - 2019. Results indicated that women and men had nearly identical acceptance rates during this time period, whereas veteran authors' acceptance rate was nearly 2.5 times greater than that of new authors. Implications for publishing, reviewing, and research mentorship practices are discussed.
Unravelling the gender productivity gap in science: a meta-analytical review
Autor/in:
Astegiano, Julia; Sebastián-González, Esther; Castanho, Camila de Toledo
Quelle: Royal Society open science, 6 (2019) 6
Inhalt: Women underrepresentation in science has frequently been associated with women being less productive than men (i.e. the gender productivity gap), which may be explained by women having lower success rates, producing science of lower impact and/or suffering gender bias. By performing global meta-analyses, we show that there is a gender productivity gap mostly supported by a larger scientific production ascribed to men. However, women and men show similar success rates when the researchers' work is directly evaluated (i.e. publishing articles). Men's success rate is higher only in productivity proxies involving peer recognition (e.g. evaluation committees, academic positions). Men's articles showed a tendency to have higher global impact but only if studies include self-citations. We detected gender bias against women in research fields where women are underrepresented (i.e. those different from Psychology). Historical numerical unbalance, socio-psychological aspects and cultural factors may influence differences in success rate, science impact and gender bias. Thus, the maintenance of a women-unfriendly academic and non-academic environment may perpetuate the gender productivity gap. New policies to build a more egalitarian and heterogeneous scientific community and society are needed to close the gender gap in science.
Wie "offen" sind die europäischen Wissenschaften für Frauen?
Titelübersetzung:How "open" are the European sciences for women?
Autor/in:
Tüür-Fröhlich, Terje
Quelle: Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis, 62 (2011) 6-7, S 279-284
Inhalt: Die Geschlechterungleichheit in den Wissenschaften ist weiterhin ein ungelöstes Problem. Viele Studien befassen sich mit genderspezifischen Problemen in wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation und in wissenschaftlichen Karrieren. Die EU-Statistiken ("She Figures") dokumentieren das nach wie vor dominante Muster geringerer weiblicher Präsenz in höheren akademischen Rängen in fast allen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten. EU-Wissenschaftspolitik und die nationalen Sozialpolitiken widersprechen einander. Die vorherrschende "publish or perish"-Logik, atyptische Beschäftigungsverhältnisse als akzeptierte Norm und die forcierte internationale Mobilität behindern vor allem die Wissenschaftskarrieren der Jungen und Frauen. Wie offen sind die sogenannten "offenen Initiativen" für Frauen? Frauen sind gegenüber der Open-Source-Bewegung (FLOSS) skeptisch, sie fühlen sich vom dort herrschenden männlich dominierten "frostigen" Arbeitsklima eingeschüchtert. Nur 13 Prozent der internationalen Wikipedia-Autorenschaft ist weiblich. Nur Artikel über klassisch männliche Themen wie Fußball werden in der deutschen Wikipedia als "relevant" eingestuft und dürfen daher "überleben". Es gibt kaum deutschsprachige Genderstudien im Modus Open Access. Meist ignorieren die Erhebungen zu den Einstellungen und Praktiken von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern beim Open-Access-Publizieren die Geschlechtervariable. Einzige Ausnahme bildet eine größere Befragung durch die DFG. In dieser Studie wünschen mehr Frauen als Männer Training in Open-Access-Publikationstechniken.
Inhalt: Gender inequality in sciences is an ongoing unsolved issue. Many studies have
been carried out to tackle the gender specific problems in scientific communication
and scientific careers. The EU-Statistics ("She Figures") document the still
dominant pattern of lower female presence in higher academic ranks in almost
all European Union member states. There are discrepancies between EU science
policy and national social policies. The prevailing "publish or perish" attitude,
atypical employment as accepted norm and the forced international mobility are
factors which hamper the young and female academics' scientific careers. How
open for women are the so called "open initiatives"? Women are sceptical towards
FLOSS (free/ libre open source software), they feel intimidated by the male dominated
"chilly" working climate. Only 13 percent of the international Wikipedia
writers are female. Only articles on traditionally male topics as soccer are considered as relevant in the German Wikipedia and are allowed to "survive". There is
almost no open access publishing in German gender studies. Generally the surveys
of attitudes and practices of scholars on open access publishing ignore the gender
variable. The only exception is a larger survey of the DFG. In this study women
more often than men wish more training in open access publishing techniques.
Schlagwörter:publication; gender relations; EU; Gleichstellung; open access; science; Publikation; Open Access; Karriere; Work-life-balance; woman; Geschlechterverhältnis; affirmative action; career; EU; work-life-balance; woman; female; career; scientific communication; scholarly communication; review; Wissenschaftskommunikation; Literaturübersicht; mentor; mentorship; dual career management; mobility; science policy; social policy
SSOAR Kategorie:Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Work styles, attitudes, and productivity of scientists in the Netherlands and the United Kindom : a comparison by gender
Titelübersetzung:Arbeitsstil, Einstellungen und Produktivität von Wissenschaftlern in den Niederlanden und Großbritannien : ein Vergleich der Geschlechter
Autor/in:
Woerdeman, Dara L.; Meulen Rodgers, Yana van der
Quelle: management revue : the international review of management studies, Vol. 17 (2006) No. 2, S. 184-202
Inhalt: "With scientific research growing increasingly multidisciplinary in nature, team playing and communication skills have become critical in the achievement of scientific breakthroughs. This study adds valuable evidence to the oft-cited 'productivity puzzle' in the sciences by comparing the work styles, attitudes, and productivity of female and male scientists. The application of t-test analysis to data on scientists from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands indicates that women report relatively higher abilities in communication skills and teamwork than men. Also, both female and male scientists report difficulties in balancing work and family responsibilities, but proportionately more women than men rely on outside sources of childcare. A separate distribution analysis of academic productivity demonstrates substantial overlap between men and women in the number of scientific publications per year. These results add support to mounting pressure for policy reforms that effectively support the retention and advancement of women in the sciences." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Vicious circles of gender bias, lower positions, and lower performance : Gender differences in scholarly productivity and impact
Autor/in:
van den Besselaar, Peter; Sandström, Ulf
Quelle: PLoS ONE, 12 (2017) 8, e0183301 S
Inhalt: It is often argued that female researchers publish on average less than male researchers do, but male and female authored papers have an equal impact. In this paper we try to better understand this phenomenon by (i) comparing the share of male and female researchers within different productivity classes, and (ii) by comparing productivity whereas controlling for a series of relevant covariates. The study is based on a disambiguated Swedish author dataset, consisting of 47,000 researchers and their WoS-publications during the period of 2008-2011 with citations until 2015. As the analysis shows, in order to have impact quantity does make a difference for male and female researchers alike-but women are vastly underrepresented in the group of most productive researchers. We discuss and test several possible explanations of this finding, using a data on personal characteristics from several Swedish universities. Gender differences in age, authorship position, and academic rank do explain quite a part of the productivity differences.
Homophily, Biased Attention, and the Gender Gap in Science
Autor/in:
Lerchenmueller, Marc; Hoisl, Karin; Schmallenbach, Leo
Quelle: Proceedings (Academy of Management Proceedings), 2019 (2019) 1
Inhalt: How does homophilous collaboration influence women's early career progress? To answer this question, we turn to a granular dataset of 3,233 highly qualified junior life scientists who receive mentored, early career sponsorship from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and analyze their publication trajectories as careers unfold. Employing a matched sample approach that exploits variance in the sets of research contacts the junior scientists start out with, we distinguish sex differences in collaboration choices from potential differences in collaboration opportunities. We document that outsized gender homophily among women exists and primarily stems from how female leaders of scientific projects assemble their teams. Women continue same-sex collaborations as lead authors at twice the rate compared to men, on average, and in particular when the mentor is part of the author team or when the focal junior scientist leads the team. As such, systematic gender homophily among female scientists may engender the sponsorship and resources needed to motivate young women to join and pursue an academic career. On the flip side, we show that author teams led by women receive 11% less citations, on average, and up to 29% less citations for work of comparable caliber published in the most influential journals. Taken together, while women's propensity to working with other women may support early career researchers, biased attention to women's work may harm careers and, in particular, women who publish in the highest-impact journals and who would otherwise be poised to narrowing gender gaps at more senior career stages.
What and how long does it take to get tenure? : the case of economics and business administration in Austria, Germany and Switzerland
Titelübersetzung:Was und wie lange braucht es, berufen zu werden? : Beispiel Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Business Administration in Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz
Autor/in:
Schulze, Günther; Warning, Susanne; Wiermann, Christian
Quelle: German economic review, Vol. 9 (2008) No. 4, S. 473-505
Inhalt: "This paper investigates the determinants of tenure decisions in Germany, Austria and the German-speaking part of Switzerland for professorships in economics, business administration and related fields. Our dataset comprises candidates who were awarded tenure as well as those who were eligible but were not tenured. We show that business candidates have a higher probability of being tenured than economists. Youth, marital status and publications matter; gender and children do not. The market for first appointments in economics relies much more an publication performance than the market for business administration." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Association between women's authorship and women's editorship in infectious diseases journals: a cross-sectional study
Autor/in:
Last, Katharina; Hübsch, Lilith; Cevik, Muge; Wolkewitz, Martin; Müller, Sophie Elisabeth; Huttner, Angela; Papan, Cihan
Quelle: The Lancet Infectious Diseases, (2022)
Inhalt: Background
Gender inequity is still pervasive in academic medicine, including journal publishing. We aimed to ascertain the proportion of women among first and last authors and editors in infectious diseases journals and assess the association between women's editorship and women's authorship while controlling for a journal's impact factor.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we randomly selected 40 infectious diseases journals (ten from each 2020 impact factor quartile), 20 obstetrics and gynaecology journals (five from each 2020 impact factor quartile), and 20 cardiology journals (five from each 2020 impact factor quartile) that were indexed in Journal Citation Reports, had an impact factor, had retrievable first and last author names, and had the name of more than one editor listed. We retrieved the names of the first and last authors of all citable articles published by the journals in 2018 and 2019 that counted towards their 2020 impact factor and collected the names of all the journals' editors-in-chief, deputy editors, section editors, and associate editors for the years 2018 and 2019. We used genderize.io to predict the gender of each first author, last author, and editor. The outcomes of interest were the proportions of women first authors and women last authors. We assessed the association between women's editorship and women's authorship by fitting quasi-Poisson regression models comprising the variables: the proportion of women last authors or women first authors; the proportion of women editors; the presence of a woman editor-in-chief; and journal 2020 impact factor.
Findings
We found 11 027 citable infectious diseases articles, of which 167 (1·5%) had an indeterminable first author gender, 155 (1·4%) had an indeterminable last author gender, and seven (0·1%) had no authors indexed. 5350 (49·3%) of 10 853 first authors whose gender could be determined were predicted to be women and 5503 (50·7%) were predicted to be men. Women accounted for 3788 (34·9%) of 10 865 last authors whose gender could be determined and men accounted for 7077 (65·1%). Of 577 infectious diseases journal editors, 190 (32·9%) were predicted to be women and 387 (67·1%) were predicted to be men. Of the 40 infectious diseases journals, 13 (32·5%) had a woman as editor-in-chief. For infectious diseases journals, the proportion of women editors had a significant effect on women's first authorship (incidence rate ratio 1·32, 95% CI 1·06–1·63; p=0·012) and women's last authorship (1·92, 1·45–2·55; p<0·0001). The presence of a woman editor-in-chief, the proportion of women last or first authors, and the journal's impact factor exerted no effect in these analyses.
Interpretation
The proportion of women editors appears to influence the proportion of women last and first authors in the analysed infectious diseases journals. These findings might help to explain gender disparities observed in publishing in academic medicine and suggest a need for revised policies towards increasing women's representation among editors.
Im medizinischen Wissenschaftsbetrieb sind Frauen noch immer unterrepräsentiert, obwohl sie mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten im Gesundheitswesen ausmachen. Als wichtigster Maßstab für die akademische Produktivität gilt die Publikationsleistung. Im Wissenschaftsbetrieb gilt: Wer viel – und möglichst in einflussreichen Zeitschriften – publiziert, erhält mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit Stipendien und Auszeichnungen, wird häufiger zu Vorträgen eingeladen und eher in Führungspositionen befördert. Doch der so genannte Publikationsoutput zeigt deutliche genderspezifische Unterschiede: Frauen veröffentlichen weniger Artikel als Männer und in weniger einflussreichen Zeitschriften, und sie haben eine geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit, später zitiert zu werden – alles Faktoren, die sich negativ auf ihren beruflichen Aufstieg auswirken.
Um den Ursachen der genderspezifischen Ungleichheiten beim Publikationsoutput auf den Grund zu gehen, wurde in der aktuellen Studie der Zusammenhang zwischen der Herausgeberschaft von Frauen und der Autorenschaft von Frauen näher untersucht. „Wir haben Zeitschriften für Infektionsmedizin unter die Lupe genommen und hier den Anteil weiblicher Erst- und Letztautoren von Publikationen erfasst und diesen mit dem Frauen-Anteil bei den Herausgebern verglichen“, sagt Dr. Cihan Papan, Oberarzt am Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene an der Universität des Saarlandes. Die Unterscheidung zwischen Erst- und Letztautorschaft dient dabei der Berücksichtigung von Hierarchieebenen innerhalb des Publikationssystems. „Während Erstautoren meist erst am Anfang ihrer Karriere stehen, sind die Letztautoren in der Regel erfahrene Forscher und die Initiatoren des Forschungsprojekts“, erläutert Katharina Last. Sie ist selber Erstautorin der aktuellen Publikation, die von dem Homburger Team in Zusammenarbeit mit Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus Großbritannien und der Schweiz erarbeitet wurde.
In der Studie wurden 40 zufällig ausgewählte wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften aus dem Bereich der Infektionsmedizin analysiert (alle im jährlichen „Journal Citation Reports“ aufgeführt). Alle Zeitschriften hatten mehrere Herausgeber, abrufbar waren zudem die Namen und Vornamen der Erst- und Letztautoren sowie die Impakt-Faktoren. Die Auswahl der Zeitschriften erfolgte so, dass das ganze Größenspektrum ihrer Impakt-Faktoren des Jahres 2020 gleichmäßig vertreten war (Der Impakt-Faktor gibt an, wie oft Artikel einer Zeitschrift zitiert werden und gilt daher als Maß für den Einfluss der Zeitschrift. Die Impakt-Faktoren werden jedes Jahr aus den Daten der beiden Vorjahre neu berechnet). Insgesamt flossen rund 11.000 Artikel in die Untersuchung ein.
Genderspezifische Unterschiede beim Publizieren
Die Analysen ergaben eine annähernde Genderparität bei der Erstautorschaft, aber eine ungleiche Verteilung bei der Letztautorschaft und der Herausgeberschaft. „Unter den Erstautoren der Publikationen waren genauso viele Frauen wie Männer, jedoch waren Frauen bei den Letztautoren eindeutig unterrepräsentiert; hier betrug der Frauen-Anteil nur rund 35 Prozent“, sagt Katharina Last. Ein Grund könnte die unterschiedliche genderspezifische Mitwirkung bei Forschungsprojekten sein: „Frauen übernehmen überproportional häufig praktische wissenschaftliche Arbeit in den Forschungsteams. Die Letztautorschaft setzt dagegen mehr Forschungserfahrung und eine höhere hierarchische Position voraus.“
Eine deutliche genderspezifische Diskrepanz zeigte sich auch bei den Herausgebern: Von insgesamt 577 Herausgebern waren 67 Prozent Männer und knapp 33 Prozent Frauen.
Anschließend wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Anteil von Frauen an allen Erst- und Letztautoren und dem Frauen-Anteil an allen Herausgebern ermittelt. „Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass die Herausgeberschaft von Frauen signifikant mit der Erst- und Letztautorschaft von Frauen verbunden ist. Je höher der Anteil von Herausgeberinnen in Zeitschriften über Infektionskrankheiten war, desto höher war auch der Anteil von Erst- und Letztautorinnen im analysierten Zeitraum“, fasst Dr. Cihan Papan das Ergebnis zusammen. Eine mögliche Ursache für diesen Zusammenhang könne unter anderem die unbewusste und implizite genderspezifische Voreingenommenheit der Herausgeber bei der Beurteilung eines eingereichten Artikels sein, so Papan. Andere Gründe können genderspezifische Unterschiede im rhetorischen Ausdruck beziehungsweise der Ergebnispräsentation oder auch die Auswahl an Forschungsmethoden sein. Sein Resümee der Ergebnisse: Da Frauen bei medizinischen Fachzeitschriften seltener in die Position von Herausgebern kommen, kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass bei der Auswahl von Artikeln zur Publikation eine (unbewusste) Selektion stattfindet und daraus eine (ungewollte) Diskriminierung von Frauen als Autorinnen resultiert.
Die Studie ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Universität des Saarlandes, der Universität St Andrews in Großbritannien, der Universität Freiburg und der Universitätsklinik in Genf.
Gender differences in how scientists present the importance of their research: observational study
Autor/in:
Lerchenmüller, Marc J.; Sorenson, Olav; Frank, Frederick; Tanner, Mary C.; Jena, Anupam B.; Newhouse, Ruth L.
Quelle: BMJ Open, (2019) 367
Inhalt: Objectives Women remain underrepresented on faculties of medicine and the life sciences more broadly. Whether gender differences in self presentation of clinical research exist and may contribute to this gender gap has been challenging to explore empirically. The objective of this study was to analyze whether men and women differ in how positively they frame their research findings and to analyze whether the positive framing of research is associated with higher downstream citations.
Design Retrospective observational study.
Data sources Titles and abstracts from 101 720 clinical research articles and approximately 6.2 million general life science articles indexed in PubMed and published between 2002 and 2017.
Main outcome measures Analysis of article titles and abstracts to determine whether men and women differ in how positively they present their research through use of terms such as “novel” or “excellent.” For a set of 25 positive terms, we estimated the relative probability of positive framing as a function of the gender composition of the first and last authors, adjusting for scientific journal, year of publication, journal impact, and scientific field.
Results Articles in which both the first and last author were women used at least one of the 25 positive terms in 10.9% of titles or abstracts versus 12.2% for articles involving a male first or last author, corresponding to a 12.3% relative difference (95% CI 5.7% to 18.9%). Gender differences in positive presentation were greatest in high impact clinical journals (impact factor >10), in which women were 21.4% less likely to present research positively. Across all clinical journals, positive presentation was associated with 9.4% (6.6% to 12.2%) higher subsequent citations, and in high impact clinical journals 13.0% (9.5% to 16.5%) higher citations. Results were similar when broadened to general life science articles published in journals indexed by PubMed, suggesting that gender differences in positive word use generalize to broader samples.
Conclusions Clinical articles involving a male first or last author were more likely to present research findings positively in titles and abstracts compared with articles in which both the first and last author were women, particularly in the highest impact journals. Positive presentation of research findings was associated with higher downstream citations.
Männliche Wissenschaftler bezeichnen ihre Forschungsergebnisse häufiger als „ausgezeichnet“, „neuartig“ und „einzigartig“. Das ergab eine groß angelegte Studie eines internationalen Forscherteams der Universität Mannheim, der Harvard Medical School und der Yale University.
Pressemitteilung vom 17. Dezember 2019
Druckversion (PDF)
Anschein ist Realität, sagt man häufig, und dies trifft sogar auf die Ergebnisse von medizinischer und biowissenschaftlicher Forschung zu. Die Sprache, die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler wählen, um ihre Entdeckungen zu beschreiben, kann den Grad der Aufmerksamkeit von Fachkollegen steigern, nachfolgende Zitierungen fördern und womöglich den beruflichen Aufstieg erleichtern. Dabei verwenden männliche Wissenschaftler Wörter wie „ausgezeichnet“, „neuartig“ und „einzigartig“ in den Überschriften und Zusammenfassungen ihrer Artikel viel häufiger als Frauen. Dies sind die Ergebnisse einer Studie, die von einem internationalen Forscherteam von der Universität Mannheim, der Harvard Medical School und der Yale University durchgeführt und im Fachjournal BMJ veröffentlicht wurde.
Die groß angelegte Studie, die geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der sprachlichen Gestaltung der biomedizinischen Forschung quantifiziert, ist die erste ihrer Art. Die Forscher analysierten mehr als sechs Millionen klinische und biowissenschaftliche Publikationen und stellten fest, dass männliche Hauptautoren mit einer um bis zu 21 Prozent höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit positives Framing in Überschriften und Zusammenfassungen verwenden. Mit „positivem Framing“ wird eine Sprache bezeichnet, welche die Ergebnisse als besonders wichtig einstuft. Der Unterschied der positiven Präsentation zwischen den Geschlechtern war in bedeutenden klinischen Fachzeitschriften am größten.
Die Untersuchung zeigte auch, dass die Verwendung positiver Wörter einen signifikanten Einfluss darauf hatte, wie die Forschung von Lesern wahrgenommen wurde. Positives Framing war mit mehr nachfolgenden Zitierungen verbunden. Der Effekt betrug in besonders bedeutsamen klinischen Fachzeitschriften mit hohem Impact Factor bis zu 13 Prozent.
„Unterschiede, wie Frauen ihre Forschungsleistungen im Vergleich zu Männern präsentieren, könnten zu der anhaltenden Benachteiligung von Wissenschaftlerinnen beitragen“, so Assistenzprofessor Marc Lerchenmüller von der Universität Mannheim, der die Studie geleitet hat. „Eine theoretische Erklärung wäre, dass Männer möglicherweise ihre Forschung stärker ‚verkaufen’, weil die Gesellschaft bei ihnen ein solches Verhalten eher akzeptiert. Wir wollten einen potentiellen Geschlechterunterschied aber quantifizieren“, beschreibt der Ökonom die Motivation für die Studie.
Um mögliche Änderungen in der redaktionellen Praxis im Laufe der Jahre oder zwischen den Zeitschriften zu berücksichtigen, verglichen die Forscher Artikel aus derselben Publikation und aus demselben Jahr miteinander. Das Forscherteam verglich ferner nur Veröffentlichungen mit ähnlicher Thematik und Aktualität.
Was kann gegen eine sprachbedingte Benachteiligung getan werden?
Trotz steigender Zahl von Frauen in der Wissenschaft, sind Wissenschaftlerinnen nicht nur an medizinischen und biowissenschaftlichen Fakultäten weiterhin unterrepräsentiert. Frauen verdienen außerdem weniger und erhalten weniger Forschungsstipendien und Zitierungen als ihre männlichen Kollegen. Dies wird von vielen systemischen, sozialen und kulturellen Faktoren beeinflusst, einschließlich bewusster und unbewusster Vorurteile.
Was kann also getan werden, um mögliche Auswirkungen derartiger sprachlicher Disparitäten zu mildern?Der erste Schritt bestehe darin, Evidenz zu sammeln und das Bewusstsein für Unterschiede, wo immer sie auch existieren, zu schärfen, sagten die Forscher.
„Es ist nützlich sowohl für Frauen als auch Männer, sich darüber im Klaren zu sein, dass diese Unterschiede in der Sprachverwendung existieren und dass sie die Wahrnehmung von Forschung beeinflussen können“, sagte Lerchenmüller.
Die Forscher bestätigen, dass das Ungleichgewicht zwischen den Geschlechtern in der biomedizinischen Forschung und in der akademischen Medizin viele Ursachen hat. Dies bedeutet, dass zunehmende Gerechtigkeit Ansätze in den verschiedensten Bereichen erfordert, einschließlich Bildung, Mentoring und Publizierpraxis.
Schlagwörter:Biologie; framing; Geschlechterstereotyp; Geschlechterunterschied; Medizin; Publikation; Sprache
Public-private sector segmentation in the labour market in Pakistan
Autor/in:
Aslam, Monazza; Kingdon, Geeta
Quelle: Journal of Asian Economics, 20 (2009) 1, S 34-39
Inhalt: This study investigates public–private sector wage differentials for male and female waged employees in Pakistan. This is done using latest nationally representative data from the Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2005. We adopt three methodologies to obtain robust estimates of the wage differential and the results reveal that public sector workers enjoy large wage premia. The gross pro-public wage differential is much larger for women than for men. Our findings also show that while private and public sector workers' differing characteristics 'explain' a larger proportion of the private–public wage gap for men, this is not the case for women.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsmarkt; privater Sektor; private sector; Pakistan; wage difference; öffentlicher Sektor; Lohnunterschied; public sector; Mann; woman; South Asia; Südasien; gender-specific factors; man; Pakistan; labor market; public-private sector; labour market
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gender Diversity in Forschernachwuchsgruppen : höhere wissenschaftliche Erträge werden nicht erreicht
Titelübersetzung:Gender diversity in junior research groups : better scientific results are not being attained
Autor/in:
Unger, Birgit
Quelle: Femina politica : Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 20 (2011) H. 1, S. 173-175
Inhalt: Die Autorin berichtet aus einer Studie, die am Lehrstuhl Personal & Organisation der Universität Tübingen in Hinblick auf die Frage durchgeführt wurde, wie sich Gender Diversity in Forschungsgruppen auf die wissenschaftliche Performance auswirkt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Forschernachwuchsgruppen als bedeutenden Teilbereich des Wissenschaftssystems, in dem die stetig steigende Zahl strukturierter Programme die Zunahme von Kooperationen in der Ausbildung von Nachwuchswissenschaftlern reflektiert. Die deskriptiven Befunde zur Verteilung von Frauen und Männern zeigen, dass die Graduiertenkollegs in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften im Durchschnitt fast genau häufig aus Frauen und Männern zusammengesetzt sind, während in den naturwissenschaftlichen Graduiertenkollegs nur etwa jeder vierte Doktorand weiblich ist. Was den Zusammenhang zwischen Gender Diversity und Performance anbelangt, so ist in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang identifizierbar. Die Geschlechterzusammensetzung von Nachwuchsforscherteams scheint damit keine Auswirkungen auf die Publikationsaktivität zu haben. In den Naturwissenschaften dagegen deutet sich ein negativer Zusammenhang von Gender Diversity mit der Publikationsaktivität von Nachwuchsforschern an. (ICI2)
Publishing and Parenting in Academic Science: A Study of Different National Contexts
Autor/in:
Di Di; Thomson, Robert A.; Howard Ecklund, Elaine
Quelle: Socius (Sociological Research for a Dynamic World), 7 (2021)
Inhalt: In the first cross-national, mixed-methods study on gender, family, and science, the authors examined the relationship between research productivity and family life for male and female physicists and biologists in four countries: India, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Drawing on surveys of 5,756 respondents and follow-up interviews with 369 participants, the authors found that the relationship between family responsibilities and publishing operates differently for men and women. Additionally, this relationship is conditioned by the national context in which the scientists work. The interviews indicate that family responsibilities constrain women’s publication productivity according to context. Cross-contextual differences are partially explained by the macro-level gender norms transmitted to academic scientists and how women navigate their scientific research productivity and family responsibilities. The findings have implications for the broader literature on the dialectical relationship between macro-level gender norms and responses by scientists in India, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
New Public Management und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit
Titelübersetzung:New public management and gender justice
Autor/in:
Riegraf, Birgit
Quelle: Sozialer Fortschritt : unabhängige Zeitschrift für Sozialpolitik, Jg. 56 (2007) H. 9/10, S. 259-263
Inhalt: "In den OECD-Ländern sind seit einigen Jahren grundlegende Reformprozesse unter dem Schlagwort 'New Public Management' zu beobachten, die auf eine Umgestaltung der öffentlichen Sektoren nach markt- und privatwirtschaftlichen Prinzipen setzen. Die Public Choice Theorien bilden zentrale Bezugstheorien des New Public Management. In den Public Choice Ansätzen solle sich der Staat auf seine 'Kernaufgaben' zurückziehen. Demnach lässt sich soziale Gerechtigkeit lediglich über Marktprozesse herstellen. Die Annahmen der Public Choice Theorien über die Aufgaben des Staates werden mit den Gerechtigkeitstheorien von John Rawls, Michael Walzer und Iris Marion Young konfrontiert und unter einer Geschlechterperspektive diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In recent years, significant public sector reform processes that are based on the concept of 'new public management' have been taking place in OECD countries. These strategies are built on public choice theories that emphasise market principles and a 'lean state' approach. From this perspective, social justice should be the result of market-based processes and approaches. This assumption of public choice theories on the role of the state are assessed in relation to the concepts of social justice developed by John Rawls, Michael Walzer and Marion Young. They are discussed from a gender perspective." (author's abstract)
Quelle: Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 7 (1999) 2, S 167-178
Inhalt: The results of public opinion surveys clearly reflect real gender differences in society on questions directly pertaining to gender, but there is no fundamental difference between the opinions of men & women on other questions of civic politics or life values. Investigated here is whether gender is a subject separate from other areas of life, drawing on data from public opinion surveys conducted in the Czech Republic, 1990-1997. On civic & political questions, the only difference was the greater tendency to extreme positions on the part of men, while women tended to be noncommittal. Among the values tested, no difference was discovered between men & women. It is concluded that gender as an ascribed social status modifies values directly through acquired elements of social status, eg, education. For the values of work & social prestige, the dominant influence among lower & middle education groups is age, which is reinforced by gender. Among people with higher education, the influence of age virtually disappears & gender gains in strength.
Schlagwörter:Public Opinion; Opinion Polls; Sex Differences; Czech Republic; Sexual Inequality; Social Status; Education
SSOAR Kategorie:Soziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Equal Opportunity as a Matter of Public Interest: An Analysis of Institutional and Social Mechanisms
Autor/in:
Musilova, Martina
Quelle: Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 7 (1999) 2, S 195-204
Inhalt: Data from a study titled 'The Position of Women Graduates in Czech Society in the 1990s' are drawn on to explore attitudes to equal opportunities for men & women against the background of mechanisms of the institutions of public interest. Two hypothetical models are developed, the first of which is the basic model of the general mechanism of the implementation of equal opportunities as a matter of public interest. This is compared with a second model that seeks to show how this actually works in the Czech Republic. Gender differences are described, & possible explanations for them are offered, outlining those factors specific to the Czech environment. Parties involved in these mechanisms & how they conceive of & evaluate actions contributing to the implementation of equal opportunities are examined.
Schlagwörter:Opportunity Structures; Employment Opportunities; Sexual Inequality; Czech Republic; College Graduates; Education Work Relationship; Labor Policy; Social Attitudes; Public Sphere
An examination of gender difference in advancement and salary for Marriage and Family Therapy faculty members working in public universities
Autor/in:
Edwards, Lindsay L.; Leone, Rosemary A.; Culver, Kevin
Quelle: Journal of marital and family therapy, 49 (2023) 1, S 74–91
Inhalt: Evidence for inequitable advancement and salary disparity for women in academia is compelling, but only a marginal amount of research has explored this in the field of Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) specifically. Current research provides preliminary evidence that women remain underrepresented at the Full Professor rank and are paid less than men MFT faculty. This study collected publicly available data for MFT faculty in public universities to explore gender differences in advancement between ranks, salary disparity, and the representation of women and men in the highest and lowest paying niches of MFT academia. Results showed that, despite being 60.15% of MFTs in public universities, women were paid an average of $5596.25 less than men. Men were 1.40 times more likely than women to be promoted to Full Professor on time-within 13 years of their terminal degree. Implications for addressing inequitable advancement and salary disparity for women MFT faculty are discussed.
Schlagwörter:academic rank; akademische Laufbahnentwicklung; female discipline; full professor; gender pay gap; public universities and colleges; wage gap
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Quelle: Soziale Welt : Zeitschrift für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung und Praxis, Jg. 58 (2007) H. 4, S. 453-471
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag präsentiert den Forschungsstand zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren erfolgreich verlaufender wissenschaftlicher Karrieren. Von Interesse ist dabei insbesondere, ob und inwiefern nicht-meritokratische Kriterien zum Erklimmen der wissenschaftlichen Karriereleiter förderlich sind und durch welche Mechanismen diese Effekte zustande kommen. Zur Darstellung eines weitgehend als legitim empfundenen, leistungsorientierten Wissenschaftsverständnisses wird das wissenschaftliche Ethos nach Robert K. Merton präsentiert und anschließend mit den Befunden bisheriger Studien konfrontiert. Die Sekundäranalyse verweist auf die enorme Bedeutung sozialer Netzwerke, welche in vielfacher Hinsicht (u.a. über das Renommee der Institutionen) mit wissenschaftlicher Produktivität konfundiert sind. Zudem scheint zumindest der direkte Effekt askriptiver Merkmale wie Geschlecht und ethnischer Zugehörigkeit auf wissenschaftlichen Erfolg an Stärke eingebüßt zu haben, wenngleich indirekte Mechanismen noch weiterhin wirksam sind." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper reviews the state-of-the-art on the determinants of successful scientific careers. Whether non-meritocratic criteria play a beneficial role in careers in science and which mechanisms account for these effects is of particular concern. At first, the scientific ethos of Robert K. Merton is discussed to draw several conclusions for the meritocratic understanding of science which is acknowledged on a broad basis. In a second step, this discussion is contrasted with empirical evidence from other research studies. Subsequently, the authors review refers to the enormous importance of social networks which are not pure non-meritocratic mechanisms, but in many respects are confounded with scientific productivity (i.e. regarding the reputation of institutions and universities). Furthermore, the direct effect of ascriptive characteristics such as gender and ethnic affiliation on scientific success seems to have diminished, even though indirect mechanisms continue to affect scientific careers." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Öffentlichkeiten im Internet: zwischen Feminismus und Antifeminismus
Titelübersetzung:Publics and the web: between feminism and antifeminism
Autor/in:
Drüeke, Ricarda; Klaus, Elisabeth
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 23 (2014) 2, S 59-71
Inhalt: "Öffentlichkeit ist eines der zentralen Konzepte der Gender Studies. Neben feministischer Herrschaftskritik sind es vor allem veränderte technologische Bedingungen von Medien und Kommunikation, die zu einem Überdenken der konzeptionellen Grundlagen anregen. Aufbauend auf dem Drei-Ebenen-Modell von Öffentlichkeit geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, wie sich Öffentlichkeiten im Internet artikulieren und welche Ebenen von Öffentlichkeit für den Selbstverständigungsprozess einer Gesellschaft dabei von Bedeutung sind. Anhand des antisexistischen Hashtags #aufschrei zeigen wir die Potenziale alternativer Formen des Politischen und die Chancen zur Bildung von Gegenöffentlichkeiten auf; antifeministische und maskulinistische Bewegungen, die #aufschrei in ihren Foren aufgegriffen und kommentiert haben, verdeutlichen zugleich Probleme und Risiken neuer Öffentlichkeiten. Die Beispiele zeigen, dass antisexistische und feministische Inhalte im öffentlichen Selbstverständigungsprozess umkämpft sind und verweisen auf die Ambivalenzen von Öffentlichkeiten im Internet." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The concept of a public sphere ("Öffentlichkeit") has been of central concern to Gender Studies. Alongside the feminist critique of dominance changes of media and communication technologies have led to a reconsideration of the concept. Taking the Three-Layer-Model of the public sphere as the starting-point Ricarda Drüeke and Elisabeth Klaus examine how publics are constituted in the Internet, discuss the consequences for their formation and ponder their meaning for the processes of social debate and cultural understanding. The authors explore the prominent German antisexist twitter-debate #aufschrei as an example for alternative forms of political debates on the Internet and their potential for the formation of feminist counter-publics. However, #aufschrei was denounced on masculinist and antifeminist sites, thereby demonstrating the limits, problems, and risks of these new forums of communication. The empirically grounded analysis shows that antisexist and feminist positions remain contested in the process of public debate and cultural understanding, so that Internet publics are ambivalent as regards their potential to foster social change." (author's abstract)
Women's Safety and Public Spaces: Lessons from the Sabarmati Riverfront, India
Autor/in:
Mahadevia, Darshini; Lathia, Saumya
Quelle: Urban Planning, 4 (2019) 2, S 154-168
Inhalt: The Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 11, as well as the New Urban Agenda, emphasize gender equity and safe, resilient, and inclusive cities. The ‘safe cities’ idea for women includes their equal right to the city and public places within it, which includes their right to be mobile in the city at any time of the day, as well as their right to loiter in public spaces without any threats of harassment or sexual violence. These issues have gained importance in urban planning and design in contemporary India. This article is an assessment of how safe Ahmedabad city’s largest public space, the Sabarmati Riverfront, is for women. Ahmedabad, a city in western India, has long carried an image of a safe city for women. The Sabarmati Riverfront is over 22 km in length, 11 km on both sides of the river. This assessment is made through mapping of space use disaggregated by sex and age at four different time points throughout the day and of 100 women’s accounts of the experience of harassment on using the space. The article concludes with specific recommendations on proposed activities and space design along the riverfront to make these spaces safe for women throughout the day.
Schlagwörter:Indien; India; Gender; gender; woman; öffentlicher Raum; public space; Sicherheit; security; sexuelle Belästigung; sexual harassment; riverfront
SSOAR Kategorie:Raumplanung und Regionalforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Lesbians go public? Die (Un-)Sichtbarkeit von Lesben und bisexuellen Frauen in Polens öffentlichem Diskurs
Titelübersetzung:Lesbians go public? The (in)visibility of lesbians and bisexual women in Polish public discourse
Autor/in:
Ciaputa, Ewelina; Struzik, Justyna
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 3, S 9-24
Inhalt: "1989 erwies sich als Schlüsseljahr für das zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement in Polen. Die Demokratisierung der polnischen Gesellschaft ermöglichte es den BürgerInnen, sich in vielen Bereichen der Gesellschaft zu engagieren. Eine öffentlichkeitswirksame Hauptströmung der sozialen Bewegungen ist heute die LSBT-Bewegung (Lesben, Schwule, Bi- und Transsexuelle), die zwar keine Massenbewegung darstellt, aber das Thema der Anerkennung von Schwulen-, Lesben-, Bisexuellen- und Transgenderrechten in den öffentlichen Diskurs einbringt. Der Beitrag fragt nach dem Problem der 'Unsichtbarkeit' polnischer Lesben und bisexueller Frauen in den sozialen Bewegungen und im öffentlichen Raum. Genannt werden hierbei auch Ereignisse, die für die Entwicklung der lesbischen Identität und die Frauenemanzipation in Polen eine Schlüsselrolle spielten." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "1989 turned out to be a key year for civil society commitment in Poland. The democratization of Polish society allowed citizens to get involved in various parts of society. Today, one main strand within the highly visible social movements is the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) movement which, despite not being a mass movement, integrates the question of the recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights into the public discourse. In this article, we investigate the problem of the 'invisibility' of Polish lesbians and bisexual women in social movements and in the public domain. Also, we reflect on incidents which have played a crucial role for the development of the lesbian identity and the emancipation of women in Poland." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:homosexuality; Öffentlichkeit; post-socialist country; soziale Bewegung; social movement; Polen; Bisexualität; Diskurs; discourse; the public; woman; Poland; postsozialistisches Land; bisexuality; Homosexualität
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 46 (2017) 5, 533 S
Inhalt: Dieser Beitrag betrachtet den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Geschlecht und der wissenschaftlichen Produktivität während der Promotionsphase. Es wird untersucht, inwiefern Produktivitätsunterschiede als Folge unterschiedlicher Effekte von Elternschaft oder als Folge einer geschlechterdifferenten Ausstattung mit wissenschaftlichem Sozialkapital betrachtet werden können. Diese Forschungsfragen werden mit Daten des DZHW-Promoviertenpanels bearbeitet. Die Analysen zeigen, dass es Frauen während der Promotionsphase nicht in gleichem Umfang wie Männern gelingt, wissenschaftliche Publikationen zu veröffentlichen. Die in diesem Sinne geringere wissenschaftliche Produktivität von Wissenschaftlerinnen kann teilweise dadurch erklärt werden, dass Frauen von ihrem wissenschaftlichen Umfeld weniger gefördert und unterstützt werden. Entgegen den theoretischen Erwartungen können keine Effekte von Elternschaft auf die Publikationszahlen nachgewiesen werden. Produktivitätsunterschiede dürften einen erheblichen negativen Einfluss auf die Karrierechancen von Frauen innerhalb der Wissenschaft haben.
Quelle: Nat Hum Behav (Nature Human Behaviour), 1 (2017) 11, S 791–796
Inhalt: Gender and sex analysis is increasingly recognized as a key factor in creating better medical research and health care. Using a sample of more than 1.5 million medical research papers, our study examined the potential link between women’s participation in medical science and attention to gender-related and sex-related factors in disease-specific research. Adjusting for variations across countries, disease topics and medical research areas, we compared the participation of women authors in studies that do and do not involve gender and sex analysis. Overall, our results show a robust positive correlation between women’s authorship and the likelihood of a study including gender and sex analysis. These findings corroborate discussions of how women’s participation in medical science links to research outcomes, and show the mutual benefits of promoting both the scientific advancement of women and the integration of gender and sex analysis into medical research.
The gender gap in science : How long until women are equally represented?
Autor/in:
Holman, Luke; Stuart-Fox, Devi; Hauser, Cindy E.
Quelle: PLoS Biology, 16 (2018) 4, e2004956 S
Inhalt: Women comprise a minority of the Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM) workforce. Quantifying the gender gap may identify fields that will not reach parity without intervention, reveal underappreciated biases, and inform benchmarks for gender balance among conference speakers, editors, and hiring committees. Using the PubMed and arXiv databases, we estimated the gender of 36 million authors from >100 countries publishing in >6000 journals, covering most STEMM disciplines over the last 15 years, and made a web app allowing easy access to the data (https://lukeholman.github.io/genderGap/). Despite recent progress, the gender gap appears likely to persist for generations, particularly in surgery, computer science, physics, and maths. The gap is especially large in authorship positions associated with seniority, and prestigious journals have fewer women authors. Additionally, we estimate that men are invited by journals to submit papers at approximately double the rate of women. Wealthy countries, notably Japan, Germany, and Switzerland, had fewer women authors than poorer ones. We conclude that the STEMM gender gap will not close without further reforms in education, mentoring, and academic publishing.
Quelle: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135 (2020) 1, S 269–327
Inhalt: We study the role of gender in the evaluation of economic research using submissions to four leading journals. We find that referee gender has no effect on the relative assessment of female- versus male-authored papers, suggesting that any differential biases of male referees are negligible. To determine whether referees as a whole impose different standards for female authors, we compare citations for female- and male-authored papers, holding constant referee evaluations and other characteristics. We find that female-authored papers receive about 25% more citations than observably similar male-authored papers. Editors largely follow the referees, resulting in a 1.7 percentage point lower probability of a revise and resubmit verdict for papers with female authors relative to a citation-maximizing benchmark. In their desk rejection decisions, editors treat female authors more favorably, though they still impose a higher bar than would be implied by citation maximization. We find no differences in the informativeness of female versus male referees or in the weight that editors place on the recommendations of female versus male referees. We also find no differences in editorial delays for female- versus male-authored papers.
Inhalt: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected work and family life for many, including academic researchers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that university shutdowns have influenced the article submission rates of men and women differently. Here we present a timely analysis that compares the proportion of men and women medical researchers publishing on the coronavirus to those publishing in the same journals in 2019. This is presently the most direct means of gauging gender variations in ongoing research activities. For clarity of context, we delimit our analysis to researchers in the United States. Using mixed-effects regression models, we estimate that women's shares of first authorships, last authorships and general representation per author group are 23%, 16% and 16% lower for COVID-19 papers compared to 2019 papers published in the same journals. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the research productivity of women, especially early-career women, is being affected more than the research productivity of men.
Women academics and research productivity : An international comparison
Autor/in:
Aiston, Sarah Jane; Jung, Jisun
Quelle: Gender and Education, 27 (2015) 3, S 205–220
Inhalt: In the prestige economy of higher education, research productivity is highly prized. Previous research indicates, however, a gender gap with respect to research output. This gap is often explained by reference to familial status and responsibilities. In this article, we examine the research productivity gender gap from an international perspective by undertaking a gendered analysis of the Changing Academic Profession Survey. We suggest that family is not, in all cases, operating as a form of negative equity in the prestige economy of higher education. In addition, we argue that an over-reliance on an explanatory framework that positions family-related variables as central to the research productivity gender gap might well be drawing our attention from significant structural and systemic discriminatory practices within the profession.
Inhalt: This study builds upon the literature documenting gender disparities in science by investigating research productivity and recognition among elite scientists in three countries. This analysis departs from both the general comparison of researchers across organizational settings and academic appointments on one hand, and the definition of "elite" by the research outcome variables on the other, which are common in previous studies. Instead, this paper's approach considers the stratification of scientific careers by carefully constructing matched samples of men and women holding research chairs in Canada, the United States and South Africa, along with a control group of departmental peers. The analysis is based on a unique, hand-curated dataset including 943 researchers, which allows for a systematic comparison of successful scientists vetted through similar selection mechanisms. Our results show that even among elite scientists a pattern of stratified productivity and recognition by gender remains, with more prominent gaps in recognition. Our results point to the need for gender equity initiatives in science policy to critically examine assessment criteria and evaluation mechanisms to emphasize multiple expressions of research excellence.
Quelle: European Journal of Women's Studies, 29 (2022) 1, S 168–177
Inhalt: Knowledge production in gender studies needs journals as its lifeline not only because it offers academic authorization to the authors but also because that is the way to ensure the knowledge produced is shared widely. A number of gender studies journal editors were invited to an online roundtable discussion about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and of open access (OA) practices on gender studies journals, which took place as part of the European Journal of Women’s Studies 2021 online Spring Symposium. The participants of the roundtable represent different types of gender studies journals: self-financed and published (Identities Southern Europe, Kohl, lambda nordica), project financed (Aspekt), institutional (Open Gender Journal), profit oriented with a national focus (Gender) and with a transnational focus (Feminist Theory, Feminist Encounters) financed by publishing houses.
Schlagwörter:COVID-19; Gender Studies; Geschlechterforschung; Journal; open access; Publikation; Publishing
Ignored but Assumed. Family and Gender between Public and Private Realm
Autor/in:
Havelkova, Hana
Quelle: Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 4 (1996) 1, S 63-79
Inhalt: Posits that the role of women as the bearers of strategies to transform the public sphere within the private sphere has been ignored but assumed in the context of postcommunist social transformation in the Czech Republic because of the omission of the public, private, & gender concepts as analytical sociological tools. The private-public relationship in modern society is addressed as an open process in which gender relations are not only formed, but in return, also form the connotations of these spheres according to gender understanding. On this theoretical base, possible ways of rethinking the model of the bourgeois family, which, in Czech society, has a normative power, are suggested with reference to Hanna Arendt's & Jurgen Habermas's concepts. Thus, the current process of socialism under changing conditions can be dealt with as a complex problem of interrelations between the private & public spheres.
Schlagwörter:Postcommunist Societies; Opposite Sex Relations; Czech Republic; Social Change; Womens Roles; Sex; Family; Females; postcommunist social transformation, private sphere strategies, women's role, Czech Republic;
SSOAR Kategorie:Soziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
"Still working on it": an overview on the current state of public activism of women in the Philippines
Titelübersetzung:"Sie arbeiten noch dran": ein Überblick über den öffentlichen Aktivismus von Frauen auf den Philippinen
Autor/in:
Reese, Niklas
Quelle: ASEAS - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Südostasienwissenschaften, 3 (2010) 2, S 136-150
Inhalt: "Dieser Artikel behandelt die Frage, inwiefern Aktivismus von Frauen im öffentlichen Raum in den Philippinen noch immer geschlechtsspezifisch definiert ist und ob Frauen dadurch benachteiligt werden. Der Artikel ist in drei Abschnitte gegliedert: (1) Beobachtungen zu Frauen und öffentlichem Raum, (2) Überblick über die Rolle der Frauen in der formellen Politik und (3) eine Annäherung an geschlechtsspezifische Fragestellungen in Zivilgesellschaft und sozialen Bewegungen in den Philippinen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper gives an overview on to what extent public activism in the Philippines is still gendered and how far it, therefore, disadvantages women. The paper consists of three major topics: (1) observations on women and the public space, (2) an outline of women and formal politics, and (3) a glimpse into gender within civil society and social movements in the Philippines." (author's abstract)
Inhalt: Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by asserting a feminist presence in the city. Considering this, as well as women’s social life, their struggle against lingering forces of patriarchy, and relating features of inequality (domestic violence), there was a feminist installation artwork by the young Kurdish artist Tara Abdulla that shook the city of Sulaimani in Iraqi Kurdistan on 26 October 2020. She had prepared a 4,800‐meter‐long washing line covered with the clothes of 99,678 Kurdish women who were survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence. They installed it along the busiest street of the city (Salim Street). She used this piece of feminine to express her reaction to the Kurdish society regarding, the abuse that goes on silently, behind closed doors. She also aimed towards normalizing women’s bodies. After the installation, she received many controversial reactions. As her artwork was a pioneering project in line with feminist issues in Kurdistan which preoccupied the city for quite a while, the aim of this article is to investigate the diverse effects of her work on the current dialogue regarding gender inequality in the Kurdish society. To do this, we used the research method of content analysis on big data (Facebook comments) to investigate the public reactions of a larger number of locals. The Feminine effectively exposed some of the deep‐rooted cultural, religious, and social barriers in addressing gender inequalities and silent sexual violence issues in the modern Kurdish patriarchal society.
Schlagwörter:öffentlicher Raum; public space; Kunstwerk; work of art; Feminismus; feminism; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; gender-specific factors; woman; Kurdistan; Kurdistan; Facebook reactions; Sulaimani; feminist street art; gender inequalities dialogue
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie
Quelle: Nat Rev Mater (Nature Reviews Materials), (2023)
Inhalt: Higher education and research institutions are critical to the well-being and success of societies, meaning their financial support is strongly in the public interest. At the same time, value-for-money principles demand that such investment delivers. Unfortunately, these principles are currently violated by one of the biggest sources of public funding inefficiency: sexism.
Identifying gender disparities in research performance: the importance of comparing apples with apples
Autor/in:
Nygaard, Lynn P.; Aksnes, Dag W.; Piro, Fredrik Niclas
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 84 (2022) 5, S 1127–1142
Inhalt: Many studies on research productivity and performance suggest that men consistently outperform women. However, women and men are spread unevenly throughout the academy both horizontally (e.g., by scientific field) and vertically (e.g., by academic position), suggesting that aggregate numbers (comparing all men with all women) may reflect the different publication practices in different corners of the academy rather than gender per se. We use Norwegian bibliometric data to examine how the “what” (which publication practices are measured) and the “who” (how the population sample is disaggregated) matter in assessing apparent gender differences among academics in Norway. We investigate four clusters of indicators related to publication volume, publication type, authorship, and impact or quality (12 indicators in total) and explore how disaggregating the population by scientific field, institutional affiliation, academic position, and age changes the gender gaps that appear at the aggregate level. For most (but not all) indicators, we find that gender differences disappear or are strongly reduced after disaggregation. This suggests a composition effect, whereby apparent gender differences in productivity can to a considerable degree be ascribed to the composition of the group examined and the different publication practices common to specific groups. We argue that aggregate figures can exaggerate some gender disparities while obscuring others. Our study illustrates the situated nature of research productivity and the importance of comparing men and women within similar academic positions or scientific fields—of comparing apples with apples—when using bibliometric indicators to identify gender disparities in research productivity.
Sex differences in scientific productivity and impact are largely explained by the proportion of highly productive individuals: a whole-population study of researchers across six disciplines in Sweden
Autor/in:
Madison, Guy; Sundell, Knut
Quelle: Studies in Higher Education, 49 (2024) 1, S 119–140
Inhalt: Sex differences in human performance have been documented across a wide array of human endeavours. Males tend to exhibit higher performance in intellectually demanding and competitive domains, and this difference tends to be more pronounced the higher the level of performance. Here, we analyse publishing performance for the whole population of associate and full professors in relatively sex-balanced disciplines, namely Education, Nursing and Caring Science, Psychology, Public Health, Sociology, and Social Work, comprising 426 women and 562 men. We find that sex differences in the number of publications, citations, and citations per publication were small across low and medium levels of productivity, but become more pronounced the higher the level of performance. In the top performing 10% the female proportion decreases from the average 43.2% to 26% (25 F, 71 M), which further decreases to 15% in the top 5%. The results are discussed with respect to the greater male variability hypothesis, sex differences in psychological traits, and environmental factors such as sex discrimination.
Schlagwörter:Bibliometrie; gender bias; meritocracy; productivity; publication gap; sex difference
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Geschlechtergerechtigkeit als Gegenstand von Hochschulforschung
Titelübersetzung:Gender justice as a subject in university research
Autor/in:
Burkhardt, Anke; Schlegel, Uta
Quelle: Die Hochschule : Journal für Wissenschaft und Bildung, Jg. 16 (2007) H. 1, S. 73-81
Inhalt: "Das Institut kann auf acht Jahre gleichstellungspolitisch orientierter Forschung zurückblicken. Was 1999 mit einer Tagung begann, entwickelte sich über diverse Projekte, intensive Publikations-, Beratungs- und Vortragstätigkeit sowie Netzwerkarbeit zum Kompetenzschwerpunkt Gleichstellungsfragen und Gender-Politik im Hochschulsektor." (Textauszug)
Rereading Jürgen Habermas' "Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit"
Autor/in:
Løvlie, Lars
Quelle: Zeitschrift für qualitative Bildungs-, Beratungs- und Sozialforschung, 2 (2001) 2, S 223-240
Inhalt: "Dieser Beitrag gibt zunächst einen kurzen Überblick über Jürgen Habermas' Buch 'Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit', das erstmals 1962 erschienen ist. In der Monographie wird die historische Entstehung der öffentlichen Sphäre als intellektueller Raum beschrieben, welcher durch die lesende und diskutierende Öffentlichkeit seit dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert geschaffen wurde. Zugleich rekonstruiert 'Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit' aber auch eine Idealversion der öffentlichen Sphäre, vor deren Hintergrund die folgende Geschichte der Öffentlichkeit beurteilt werden kann. Der Verlauf der weiteren Geschichte der Öffentlichkeit, die mit der strukturellen Transformation der öffentlichen Sphäre im 20. Jahrhundert ihren Höhepunkt erlebte, wird von Habermas anhand dieser Folie als eine Geschichte des Niedergangs interpretiert. Ich werde mich mit dieser Darstellung auseinandersetzen und zu der ursprünglichen Frage von Habermas nach der Entstehung der Öffentlichkeit im Rahmen einer heutigen – postmodernen – Perspektive zurückkehren. Anhand zweier Beispiele (den Benettonanzeigen von Toscani und der Internetbuchhandlung Amazon.com), schlage ich vor, dass die öffentliche Sphäre weder durch den Staat noch durch den Markt zum Verschwinden gebracht wird, sondern dass sie immer wieder in traditionellen als auch in überraschend neuen Erscheinungsformen entsteht. Im zweiten Abschnitt kritisiere ich Habermas’ Rationalitätsansprüche, da sie ungewöhnliche oder randständige Rationalitätsformen wie z.B. das Geschlecht ausschließen. Diese Kritik wird seit zwei Jahrzehnten gegenüber Habermas erhoben und verweist ganz allgemein auf einen Mangel in seiner Theorie einer liberalen Demokratie. Der dritte und letzte Abschnitt betrachtet die Frage nach dem Ursprung der öffentlichen Sphäre aus einer Perspektive, die sich von der Habermasschen unterscheidet. Hierbei geht es um die philosophische Frage nach der Freiheit, bevor diese in idealisierten Voraussetzungen, Kategorien des Vernünftigen oder Unvernünftigen oder im Verfahren des rationalen Diskurses institutionalisiert wurde. In dieser Perspektive bringt sich die Freiheit selbst in Erscheinung. Das traditionelle Konzept der Toleranz, welches ich eine Politik der Toleranz genannt habe, schließt an diese Vorstellung von Freiheit an. Diese Auffassung des Politischen unterscheidet sich sowohl von der Habermasschen Konzeption des Politischen als Versöhnung als auch von einer postmodernen Politik der Differenz, ohne diese beiden jedoch auszugrenzen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This article starts with a short review of Habermas' 'Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit', published in 1962. The book describes the historical birth of the public sphere as the intellectual space created by a reading and debating public from the early 18th century. The Strukturwandel reconstructs an idealised version of the public sphere as well, which functions as a benchmark for the judgement of the later history of the public sphere. The later history, which culminates in the structural transformation of the public sphere in the 20th century, the book generally presents as a story of decline. I take issue with that story, and want to return to Habermas' original question of the birth of the public, within the perspective of our own postmodern times. By way of two examples – Toscani's Benetton advertisements and the Amazon.com bookstore – I suggest that the public sphere is not eclipsed by the state and the market, but is regularly coming into being both in traditional and in more surprising settings. In the next section I critique Habermas' rationalist pretensions for excluding abnormal or border rationalities, like gender. This is a critique that has been levelled against Habermas over the past two decades, and points to a lacunae in his theory of liberal democracy in general. The third and last section takes up the question of the birth of the public sphere in a perspective different from Habermas'. It raises the philosophical question of freedom before freedom has been institutionalised in idealised presuppositions, categories of reasonable and unreasonable, or in procedures of rational discourse. On this view freedom is its own birth or coming- into-presence. The traditional concept of toleration is latched on to this last idea of freedom in what I have called a politics of toleration. This politics is different both from a Habermasian politics of reconciliation and a postmodern politics of difference - without excluding them." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Theorie; Öffentlichkeit; Funktionswandel; historische Entwicklung; Habermas, J.; öffentliche Meinung; politische Funktion; public opinion; the public; functional change; theory; political function; historical development; soziale Faktoren; Habermas, J.; bourgeois society; social factors; Strukturwandel; structural change; bürgerliche Gesellschaft
SSOAR Kategorie:Generelle Theorien der Sozialwissenschaften, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie, Philosophie, Theologie
Terra Incognita : Forschungsleistungen und Qualifizierungswege des deutschsprachigen Hochschullehrernachwuchses für Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Titelübersetzung:Terra Incognita : research achievements and qualification channels of German-speaking trainee university teachers for business economics
Autor/in:
Fiedler, Marina; Welpe, Isabell; Picot, Arnold
Quelle: Die Betriebswirtschaft, Jg. 66 (2006) Nr. 4, S. 464-486
Inhalt: "Dieser Beitrag beschreibt auf der Grundlage einer aktuellen Erhebung bei Postdoktoranden, Habilitanden, Juniorprofessoren und Privatdozenten in deutschsprachigen Ländern die Soziodemografika, die berufliche Situation sowie die Forschungsleistungen und Qualifizierungswege des betriebswirtschaftlichen Hochschullehrernachwuchses. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mehr als 62 Prozent der Befragten Professuren in den Bereichen Marketing, Wirtschaftsinformatik, Rechnungswesen/ Controlling, Banken/ Finanzierungslehre und Organisation anstreben. Insgesamt wollen 91 Prozent der Befragten die Venia Legendi erwerben, davon 62 Prozent durch eine monografische Habilitation und 40 Prozent auf kumulativem Weg (Mehrfachnennungen waren möglich). Ein weiterer wichtiger Befund ist die insgesamt geringe Anzahl der Wissenschaftler, nämlich nur 23 Prozent, die an einem Promotionsstudium oder auch an Elementen hiervon teilgenommen haben. Mit den Befunden dieser Studie wird eine empirische Basis für weitere Untersuchungen über Forschungsproduktivität und -effizienz des Hochschullehrernachwuchses in deutschsprachigen Ländern gelegt. Der Hochschulpolitik soll diese Arbeit konkrete Möglichkeiten zur Gestaltung der Veränderungsprozesse aufzeigen und den Nachwuchswissenschaftlern einen Überblick über die Faktoren geben, welche zu einer erhöhten Forschungsleistung beitragen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper examines the socio-demographic characteristics, professional situation, research productivity, and qualification paths of junior management faculty in German-speaking Europe using recent survey data. Our results show that 62Prozent of junior faculty have a first preference for a full chair in the areas of Marketing, Computer Science, Controlling/ Accounting, Banking/ Finance, and Organization. The great majority of junior faculty (91 percent) still aims at obtaining the 'Habilitation', of which 62 percent prefer to write a book (monographic Habilitation) and 40 percent prefer a cumulative 'Habilitation' (multiple answers were possible). Another important finding is that only 23 percent of junior management faculty have participated fully or partly in a PhD-program. The results of this study provide an empirical basis for future research an research productivity and efficiency of management faculty in the changing institutional environment in German-speaking Europe. For university administrators and public policy makers, this study identifies ways to support the current transformation. For junior management faculty, the results reveal which factors are likely to enhance their research efficiency and productivity." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Political Representation of Women in Mass Media Discourse in the Czech Republic 1990-1998
Autor/in:
Havelkova, Hana
Quelle: Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 7 (1999) 2, S 145-165
Inhalt: Analyzes the role of various categories of intelligentsia in establishing the terms of public discourse, as well as specific & general perceptions of the gender dimension of Czech politics & gender stereotypes in the context of politics. Data are drawn from articles explicitly dealing with the subject in the major Czech dailies & selected magazines. A typology of the attitudes embodied in these articles is developed, & their authors classified in terms of profession, sex, age, & political affiliations. Analysis confirms that media workers are weak in their response to public opinion & use of experts, & are principally aligned with attitudes directly derived from the sphere of politics. In relation to the issue of the political representation of women, the media has affected public discourse by both opening it &, paradoxically, blocking it. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes have been undergoing special modifications in the context of political representation.
Schlagwörter:Czech Republic; Political Participation; Females; Mass Media Effects; Sexual Inequality; Intelligentsia; Discourse; Sex Stereotypes; Public Sphere; Social Attitudes
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Massenkommunikation, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
A New Service Class in the Public Sector? The Role of Femonationalism in Unemployment Policies
Autor/in:
Mulinari, Paula
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 4, S 36-47
Inhalt: This article aims to explore the content embedded in the figuration of ‘foreign-born unemployed women’ and how discourses of gender equality are used to create an emerging racialised service class within the Swedish public sector. Influenced by the concept of femonationalism, the article explores how the introduction of the Extra Services unemployment reforms facilitates the creation of a service class whose purpose is to make it possible for the regular workforce to continue to function despite cutbacks and the neoliberal management of professional care work in the public sector. The study identifies a shift in the discourse, where, while migrant women continue to be represented as victims in public discourses concerning unemployment, they are also represented as being lazy and unwilling to work, qualities that legitimate the need for more repressive interventions towards the group, often described as feminist interventions that will rescue migrant women and their children.
Geschlecht in der Public-Health-Forschung zu gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten : Potenziale und Begrenzungen des Intersektionalitätsansatzes
Titelübersetzung:Summary Gender in public health research on health inequalities : Potentials and limitations of an intersectionality approach
Autor/in:
Bolte, Gabriele; Lahn, Ulrike
Quelle: Gender : Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, Jg. 7 (2015) H. 2, S. 51-67
Inhalt: "Soziale und geschlechtsbezogene Ungleichheiten bei Gesundheit stellen eine Herausforderung für die Public-Health-Forschung hinsichtlich der Identifikation ihrer Ursachen und der Entwicklung wirksamer Interventionsmaßnahmen dar. Aktuelle konzeptionelle Arbeiten zu Geschlecht in der epidemiologischen Gesundheitsforschung betonen die Komplexität, Verwobenheit und wechselseitige Beeinflussung der Dimensionen Sex und Gender. Intersektionalität als Forschungsperspektive berücksichtigt Machtverhältnisse sowie die kulturellen, historischen und politischen Kontexte von Geschlechter- und sozialen Ungleichheiten. Der Beitrag hat zum Ziel, konzeptionelle und methodische Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten einer Intersektionalitätsperspektive an die epidemiologische, quantitative Forschung zur Erfassung und Erklärung von geschlechtsbezogenen gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten aufzuzeigen. Es werden einerseits Potenziale zur Verbesserung der Aussagekraft von Forschung zu gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten dargestellt. Andererseits werden Begrenzungen und aktuelle Herausforderungen für die Verwendung und Interpretation von Begriffen und Konzepten, die Kategorisierung sozialer Merkmale und die Umsetzung in multivariablen statistischen Analysen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "Social and gender inequalities in health are a challenge for public health research when it comes to identifying the causes and development of effective interventions. Current conceptual work on gender in epidemiological health research emphasizes the complexity, interrelatedness and mutual influence of the dimensions 'sex' and 'gender'. Intersectionality as a research perspective considers power relations as well as cultural, historical and political contexts of gender and social inequalities. The aim of this article is to illustrate conceptual and methodical starting points for an intersectionality approach within epidemiological, quantitative research on measuring and explaining gender inequalities in health. On the one hand, potentials for improving the validity of research on health inequalities are presented. On the other hand, limitations and current challenges concerning the use and interpretation of terminology and concepts, the categorization of social characteristics and the implementation into multivariate statistical analyses are discussed." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Unsafe abortion in Brazil: a health public question into a reproductive right
Autor/in:
Pattaro Amaral, Fernanda
Quelle: Revista Kavilando, 1 (2009) 2, S 40-55
Inhalt: This article exposes some points about the right to abortion as part of human's rights question. Therefore, it is important a deep understanding about the ways that this question have been thought in Brazil, where there are more restricted laws and a high maternal mortality rate decurrent of unsafe
abortions. Furthermore, is present in this discussion the idea of sanctification above women as mothers in Brazil, and how this social construction influences the debate about safe abortion.
Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas
Autor/in:
Yang, Yang; Tian, Tanya Y.; Woodruff, Teresa K.; Jones, Benjamin F.; Uzzi, Brian
Quelle: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)), 119 (2022) 36
Inhalt: Science's changing demographics raise new questions about research team diversity and research outcomes. We study mixed-gender research teams, examining 6.6 million papers published across the medical sciences since 2000 and establishing several core findings. First, the fraction of publications by mixed-gender teams has grown rapidly, yet mixed-gender teams continue to be underrepresented compared to the expectations of a null model. Second, despite their underrepresentation, the publications of mixed-gender teams are substantially more novel and impactful than the publications of same-gender teams of equivalent size. Third, the greater the gender balance on a team, the better the team scores on these performance measures. Fourth, these patterns generalize across medical subfields. Finally, the novelty and impact advantages seen with mixed-gender teams persist when considering numerous controls and potential related features, including fixed effects for the individual researchers, team structures, and network positioning, suggesting that a team's gender balance is an underrecognized yet powerful correlate of novel and impactful scientific discoveries.
Die Berücksichtigung der Geschlechterperspektive : neue Chancen für Qualitätsverbesserungen in Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsforschung
Titelübersetzung:Consideration of the gender perspective : new opportunities for quality improvements in epidemiology and health research
Autor/in:
Jahn, I.
Quelle: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz, Jg. 48 (2005) H. 3, S. 287-295
Inhalt: "Forscherinnen und Forscher, die sich auf europäischer Ebene oder bei Bundesministerien um Projektmittel bewerben, begegnen immer häufiger der Anforderung. Geschlechteraspekte in den Projektanträgen (und in der Projektrealisierung) zu berücksichtigen (Gender Mainstreaming). Die Förderung der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Forschung und Wissenschaft soll eine Aufgabe des 'Mainstream' und zugleich inhaltliches Qualitätsmerkmal werden. In der Praxis muss der Prozess der Umsetzung geschlechtergerechter Forschung erst noch in Schwung kommen. In diesem Beitrag wird auf zentrale Fragen bzw. Problemstellungen eingegangen: Welches sind die Gender-Aspekte eines Themas? Wie müssen Studiendesigns und Untersuchungsmethoden beschaffen sein, damit diese angemessen erfasst und entdeckt werden können? Welche Auswertungsstrategien sind angemessen? Wie lassen sich Daten geschlechtersensibel analysieren, interpretieren und kommunizieren? Es werden Grundlagen erläutert (z.B. die Begriffe sex/ gender, doing gender, die Rolle der Kategorie Geschlecht im Konzert sozialer Differenzierungen, Ursachen und Formen des Gender Blas) und methodologisch/ methodisch orientierte Hinweise und Instrumente zur Vermeidung von Verzerrungen aufgrund einer nicht angemessenen Berücksichtigung der Kategorie Geschlecht in den Phasen des Forschungsprozesses vorgestellt (diagnostischer Kurzfragebogen von Eichler, Gender-Matrix, 5 Herausforderungen nach Doyal, geschlechtergerechte Sprache und Publikation)." (Autorenreferat)
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender Bias in der Forschungsförderung : ein Forschungsüberblick
Titelübersetzung:Gender bias in the promotion of research : a research overview
Autor/in:
Samjeske, Kathrin
Quelle: Femina politica : Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 21 (2012) H. 1, S. 158-162
Inhalt: "Peer Review" ist ein zentraler Mechanismus der Steuerung innerhalb des Wissenschaftssystems, insbesondere bei der Vergabe von Forschungsgeldern und bei der Publikation von Forschungsergebnissen. Gerade aufgrund ihrer herausragenden Bedeutung bei der Verteilung von materiellen und immateriellen Ressourcen in der Wissenschaft stehen Peer Review-Verfahren jedoch auch in der Kritik, anfällig für unfaire Behandlungen und Diskriminierungen zu sein. In den Diskussionen zur Gleichstellungspolitik in der Forschungsförderung wird immer wieder auf die nunmehr fast 15 Jahre alte Studie von Christine Wenneras und Agnes Wold (1997) Bezug genommen. Diese zeigte für die Forschungsvergabe beim "Swedish Medical Research Council" (MRC) in den 1990er Jahren, dass Frauen bei gleicher wissenschaftlicher Produktivität schlechtere Bewertungen erhielten als Männer. Nach der wegweisenden Arbeit von Wenneras und Wold sind eine Reihe weiterer Studien durchgeführt worden, deren Befunde in der gleichstellungspolitischen Diskussion bislang jedoch selten zur Kenntnis genommen werden. Dieser Diskussionsstand wird zum Anlass genommen, um im vorliegenden Beitrag einen kurzen Überblick über jüngere Studien zu Gender Bias in der Forschungsförderung zu geben und deren Ergebnisse kritisch zu diskutieren. (ICI2)
Inhalt: Women's underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) impedes progress in solving Africa's complex development problems. As in other regions, women's participation in STEM drops progressively moving up the education and career ladder, with women currently constituting 30% of Africa's STEM researchers. This study elucidates gender-based differences in PhD performance using new survey data from 227 alumni of STEM PhD programs in 17 African countries. We find that, compared to their male counterparts, sampled women had about one less paper accepted for publication during their doctoral studies and took about half a year longer to finish their PhD training. Negative binomial regression models provide insights on the observed differences in women's and men's PhD performance. Results indicate that the correlates of publication productivity and time to PhD completion are very similar for women and men, but some gender-based differences are observed. For publication output, we find that good supervision had a stronger impact for men than women; and getting married during the PhD reduced women's publication productivity but increased that of men. Becoming a parent during the PhD training was a key reason that women took longer to complete the PhD, according to our results. Findings suggest that having a female supervisor, attending an institution with gender policies in place, and pursuing the PhD in a department where sexual harassment by faculty was perceived as uncommon were enabling factors for women's timely completion of their doctoral studies. Two priority interventions emerge from this study: (1) family-friendly policies and facilities that are supportive of women's roles as wives and mothers and (2) fostering broader linkages and networks for women in STEM, including ensuring mentoring and supervisory support that is tailored to their specific needs and circumstances.
Exploring Gender Bias in Six Key Domains of Academic Science: An Adversarial Collaboration
Autor/in:
Ceci, Stephen J.; Kahn, Shulamit; Williams, Wendy M.
Quelle: Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society, (2023)
Inhalt: We synthesized the vast, contradictory scholarly literature on gender bias in academic science from 2000 to 2020. In the most prestigious journals and media outlets, which influence many people's opinions about sexism, bias is frequently portrayed as an omnipresent factor limiting women's progress in the tenure-track academy. Claims and counterclaims regarding the presence or absence of sexism span a range of evaluation contexts. Our approach relied on a combination of meta-analysis and analytic dissection. We evaluated the empirical evidence for gender bias in six key contexts in the tenure-track academy: (a) tenure-track hiring, (b) grant funding, (c) teaching ratings, (d) journal acceptances, (e) salaries, and (f) recommendation letters. We also explored the gender gap in a seventh area, journal productivity, because it can moderate bias in other contexts. We focused on these specific domains, in which sexism has most often been alleged to be pervasive, because they represent important types of evaluation, and the extensive research corpus within these domains provides sufficient quantitative data for comprehensive analysis.
Contrary to the omnipresent claims of sexism in these domains appearing in top journals and the media, our findings show that tenure-track women are at parity with tenure-track men in three domains (grant funding, journal acceptances, and recommendation letters) and are advantaged over men in a fourth domain (hiring). For teaching ratings and salaries, we found evidence of bias against women; although gender gaps in salary were much smaller than often claimed, they were nevertheless concerning. Even in the four domains in which we failed to find evidence of sexism disadvantaging women, we nevertheless acknowledge that broad societal structural factors may still impede women's advancement in academic science. Given the substantial resources directed toward reducing gender bias in academic science, it is imperative to develop a clear understanding of when and where such efforts are justified and of how resources can best be directed to mitigate sexism when and where it exists.
When the Personal Is Always Political: Norwegian Muslims' Arguments for Women's Rights
Autor/in:
Helseth, Hannah
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 4, S 59-66
Inhalt: For almost two decades, the public debate about Islam in Western Europe has been dominated by concerns about the lack of gender equality in the racialized Muslim population. There has been a tendency to victimize "the Muslim woman" rather than to encourage Muslim women’s participation in the public debate about their lives. This contribution to the study of discourses on Muslim women is an analysis of arguments written by Muslims about women’s rights. The data consists of 239 texts written by self-defined Muslims in major Norwegian newspapers about women’s rights. I will discuss two findings from the study. The first is an appeal to be personal when discussing issues of domestic violence and racism is combined with an implicit and explicit demand to represent all Muslims in order to get published in newspapers - which creates an ethno-religious threshold for participation in the public debate. The second finding is that, across different positions and different religious affiliations, from conservative to nearly secular, and across the timeline, from 2000 to 2012, there is a dominant understanding of women's rights as individual autonomy. These findings will be discussed from different theoretical perspectives to explore how arguments for individual autonomy can both challenge and amplify neoliberal agendas.
Schlagwörter:Arendt, H.; Arendt, H.; Feminismus; feminism; Individualismus; individualism; Neoliberalismus; neoliberalism; Islam; Islam; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Menschenrechte; human rights; woman; Muslim; Muslim; Europa; Europe; Norwegen; Norway; Brown, W.; public debate; traditional media; women’s rights
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Religionssoziologie
Inhalt: This article presents an analysis of the recent headscarf debate in Belgium, and explores in particular to what extent issues of gender equality and feminist arguments were central to the discussion. It is argued that compared to France, concerns about secularity and state-neutrality, national identity and equality, all find resonance in the Belgian context, but are articulated in a more ambiguous and less `principled' way. This partly explains the paradoxical situation in which, despite a widespread resistance to a general law banning the wearing of religious symbols in public schools, in practice, headscarf prohibitions are on the rise throughout various regions of the country. Although issues of gender equality and cultural diversity often cut and flow across debates and policies in European nation states, the Belgian hijab question provides a unique case, because of various lines of fracture and processes of increasing diversification that characterize Belgian society.
Schlagwörter:gender equality; headscarves; multiculturalism; national identity; neutrality of the state; public education;
Für das Politische in der Politischen Ökonomie: Einleitung
Autor/in:
Freudenschuss, Magdalena; Scheele, Alexandra
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 22 (2013) 1, S 9-20
Schlagwörter:politische Ökonomie; political economy; Politik; politics; Kapitalismus; capitalism; Systemkritik; system criticism; Feminismus; feminism; Öffentlichkeit; the public; Privatsphäre; privacy; Wohlfahrtsstaat; welfare state; Kritik; criticism; Anerkennungspolitik; policy of recognition; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Arbeit; labor; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor
SSOAR Kategorie:Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Politikwissenschaft, Wirtschaftspolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Selecting therapies in Benin: making choices between informal, formal, private and public health services
Autor/in:
Klein, Thamar
Quelle: Afrika Spectrum, 42 (2007) 3, S 461-481
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag befasst sich mit einem spezifischen Phänomen in Benins Gesundheitssystem.
Obwohl inzwischen 83% der Bevölkerung Zugang zur staatlichen
Gesundheitsversorgung haben, wird diese nur von 36% der Bevölkerung genutzt.
Die staatliche Gesundheitsversorgung ist damit deutlich unterfrequentiert.
Woraus resultiert diese ablehnende Haltung beziehungsweise die Präferenz für
andere medizinische Dienstleister_innen? Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese
Besonderheit und geht den Nutzungskriterien der Bevölkerung Zentral-Benins
nach. Durch eine geschlechtsspezifische Sichtweise wird der Fokus von ‘der’ beninischen
Bevölkerung auf die unterschiedlichen Perspektiven von Frauen und
Männern gelenkt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie basieren auf 22 Monaten qualitativer
Feldforschung in Zentral-Benin und einem großen statistisch repräsentativen
Regionalsurvey mit 839 Teilnehmerinnen." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "This paper addresses a distinctive feature in Benin’s health care system.
Even though the latest figures state that 83% of the population have access
to governmental health facilities, only 36% of the population make use of
them. Thus governmental health facilities are extremely under-utilized.
Where does this rejecting attitude come from and what kinds of health institutions
are used instead? The present study explores this peculiarity and
analyses the criteria for therapeutic itineraries in central Benin. A gendered
focus shifts the evidence from ‘the’ Beninese population to gendered
perspectives of male and female residents. The findings are based on 22
months of qualitative fieldwork and a large quantitative database obtained
from 839 participants in central Benin." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:traditionelle Gesellschaft; privater Sektor; private sector; health care delivery system; Benin; Gesundheitswesen; Medizin; health care; utilization; Gesundheitsversorgung; medicine; Nutzung; public health care delivery system; anthropology; Entwicklungsland; Benin; gender-specific factors; traditional society; Westafrika; öffentliches Gesundheitswesen; West Africa; Anthropologie; developing country; medical anthropology; therapy management; health access
Social Media, Gender and the Mediatisation of War: Exploring the German Armed Forces’ Visual Representation of the Afghanistan Operation on Facebook
Autor/in:
Shim, David; Stengel, Frank A.
Quelle: Global Discourse, (2017) , 31 S
Inhalt: Studies on the mediatisation of war point to attempts of governments to regulate the visual perspective of their involvements in armed conflict – the most notable example being the practice of ‘embedded reporting’ in Iraq and Afghanistan. This paper focuses on a different strategy of visual meaning-making, namely, the publication of images on social media by armed forces themselves. Specifically, we argue that the mediatisation of war literature could profit from an increased engagement with feminist research, both within Critical Security/Critical Military Studies and within Science and Technology Studies that highlight the close connection between masculinity, technology and control. The article examines the German military mission in Afghanistan as represented on the German armed forces’ official Facebook page. Germany constitutes an interesting, and largely neglected, case for the growing literature on the mediatisation of war: its strong antimilitarist political culture makes the representation of war particularly delicate. The paper examines specific representational patterns of Germany’s involvement in Afghanistan and discusses the implications which arise from what is placed inside the frame of visibility and what remains out of its view.
Schlagwörter:Soziale Medien; social media; Federal Republic of Germany; Bundeswehr; Federal Armed Forces; Afghanistan; Afghanistan; Mediatisierung; mediatization; Krieg; war; Facebook; facebook; öffentliche Meinung; public opinion; Meinungsbildung; opinion formation; Männlichkeit; masculinity; Weiblichkeit; femininity; gender-specific factors; Legitimation; legitimation; soziale Konstruktion; social construction; gender; Technik; engineering; Militär; military
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, interaktive, elektronische Medien, Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik
Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles
Autor/in:
Chatterjee, Paula; Werner, Rachel M.
Quelle: JAMA network open, 4 (2021) 7, S 1–8
Inhalt: Question: Are academic articles written by men and women in high-impact medical journals cited differently? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of 5554 articles, those written by women primary or senior authors had fewer citations than those written by men primary or senior authors. Articles written by women as both primary and senior authors had approximately half the number of citations as those authored by men as both primary and senior authors. Meaning These findings suggest that gender-based differences in article citations may be a key contributor to disparities in the advancement and promotion of women in academic medicine.
Autor/in:
Dworkin, Jordan D.; Zurn, Perry; Bassett, Danielle S.
Quelle: Neuron, 106 (2020) 6, S 890–894
Inhalt: Reference lists of neuroscience articles show marked gender imbalances. To mitigate this disparity, we discuss relevant ethical considerations and offer practical recommendations to scientists of all ages. We envision an equitable future by all scientists for all scientists.
Schlagwörter:citation; citation gap; gender bias; publication pattern; science career
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaftspolitik, Geschlechterverhältnis
Inhalt: Value conflicts involving gender equality are interwoven into current multicultural tensions in many European societies. They are at the core of these tensions in Sweden, in which gender equality and principles of individual human rights constitute the state profile and political identity. In this article, we focus on three cases of honor killings that became flash points for public debates on `culture and cultures' among political parties, immigrant groups and feminists in Sweden. The media fervor surrounding honour-related violence has provided xenophobic groups with political opportunities, but at the same time, the public debate has given visibility and opened up public space for immigrant women's groups. We conclude that the notion of the `good society' has kept at bay the recognition of overtly xenophobic parties, but it has also inhibited open dialogue across and within majority and minority cultures, which would allow for reflections upon the diversity within cultures, marked by religion, gender, class differences and generational conflicts.
Gender-based homophily in research: A large-scale study of man-woman collaboration
Autor/in:
Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, Wojciech
Quelle: Journal of Informetrics, 15 (2021) 3
Inhalt: We examined the male-female collaboration practices of all internationally visible Polish university professors (N = 25,463) based on their Scopus-indexed publications from 2009–2018 (158,743 journal articles). We merged a national registry of 99,935 scientists (with full administrative and biographical data) with the Scopus publication database, using probabilistic and deterministic record linkage. Our unique biographical, administrative, publication, and citation database (“The Polish Science Observatory”) included all professors with at least a doctoral degree employed in 85 research-involved universities. We determined what we term an “individual publication portfolio” for every professor, and we examined the respective impacts of biological age, academic position, academic discipline, average journal prestige, and type of institution on the same-sex collaboration ratio. The gender homophily principle (publishing predominantly with scientists of the same sex) was found to apply to male scientists—but not to females. The majority of male scientists collaborate solely with males; most female scientists, in contrast, do not collaborate with females at all. Across all age groups studied, all-female collaboration is marginal, while all-male collaboration is pervasive. Gender homophily in research-intensive institutions proved stronger for males than for females. Finally, we used a multi-dimensional fractional logit regression model to estimate the impact of gender and other individual-level and institutional-level independent variables on gender homophily in research collaboration.
Schlagwörter:authorship; bibliometric analysis; Forschungskooperation; gender gap; Geschlechterunterschied; homophily; Publishing; research collaboration; scientific career; sex difference; sociology of science; wissenschaftliche Karriere; Wissenschaftssoziologie
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Salary transparency and gender pay inequality: Evidence from Canadian universities
Autor/in:
Lyons, Elizabeth; Zhang, Laurina
Quelle: Strategic Management Journal, (2023)
Inhalt: We examine whether salary transparency influences gender pays inequality in the context of Canadian universities by exploiting a policy change enacted in one Canadian province that required salary disclosure through a publicly searchable database, thus lowering the cost of monitoring the gender pay gap.
We find that, on average, salary disclosure improves gender pay equality but institutions respond in different ways. Despite little media attention around gender equality at the time of the policy, institutions most likely to anticipate higher scrutiny, such as top ranked institutions, respond more aggressively to improve gender pay equality-both in terms of the magnitude and type of response. Combined, our findings suggest that the extent of change from salary transparency depends on the reduction in monitoring costs and organizational characteristics.Managerial Abstract: Salary transparency has been implemented in various ways around the world as a strategy by firms and policy makers to reduce the gender pay gap. However, whether and how it can achieve this in practice is unclear. We examine a salary transparency policy that mandated disclosure to the public through an online database in one Canadian province by comparing the change in gender pay inequality in that province relative to the change in the gender pay gap in provinces without disclosure. We find that salary transparency improves average gender pay equality primarily within the most visible organizations that likely anticipate high levels of public scrutiny. Our findings imply that facilitating low-cost public monitoring of gender inequalities can motivate organizations to enact change.
Autor/in:
Lynn, Freda B.; Noonan, Mary C.; Sauder, Michael; Andersson, Matthew A.
Quelle: Social Forces, 98 (2019) 2, S 518–547
Inhalt: In academia, women trail men in nearly every major professional reward, such as earnings, publications, and funding. Bibliometric studies, however, suggest that citations are unique with regard to gender inequality: female penalties have been reported, but gender parity or even female premiums are routinely documented as well. Two questions follow from this puzzle. First, does gender matter for citations in sociology and neighboring social science disciplines? No theoretically informed study of gender and citations exists for the social science core. We begin to fill this gap by analyzing roughly 10,000 publications in economics, political science, and sociology. In contrast to many big data studies, we estimate the effect of author gender on citations alongside other author-, article-, journal-, and (sub)field-level predictors. Our results strongly suggest that when male and female authors publish articles that are comparably positioned to receive citations, their publications do in fact accrue citations at the same rate. This finding raises a second question: Why would gender matter “everywhere but here”? We hypothesize that the answer is related to the mechanisms (e.g., self-selection, biased assessments of commitment) that are activated in the context of some professional rewards but not citations. We discuss why a null gender finding should not be discarded as an anomaly but rather approached as an analytical opportunity.
Inhalt: Scholarly journals are often blamed for a gender gap in publication rates, but it is unclear whether peer review and editorial processes contribute to it. This article examines gender bias in peer review with data for 145 journals in various fields of research, including about 1.7 million authors and 740,000 referees. We reconstructed three possible sources of bias, i.e., the editorial selection of referees, referee recommendations, and editorial decisions, and examined all their possible relationships. Results showed that manuscripts written by women as solo authors
or coauthored by women were treated even more favorably by referees and editors. Although there were some differences between fields of research, our findings suggest that peer review and editorial processes do not penalize manuscripts by women. However, increasing gender diversity in editorial teams and referee pools could help journals inform potential authors about their attention to these factors and so stimulate participation by women.
Schlagwörter:gender bias; Peer Review; publication; woman in academia
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
COVID-19 and the Gender Gap in University Student Performance
Autor/in:
Bratti, Massimiliano; Lippo, Enrico
Quelle: IZA Discussion Paper, (2022)
Inhalt: The gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been observed in many domains, such as labor market outcomes and mental health. One sector that was particularly disrupted by the pandemic was education, owing to the need to close educational institutions and move all learning activities online. In this paper, we investigate the gender gap in university student performance, focusing on a large public university located in one of the European regions most affected by the first pandemic wave (Lombardy, in Northern Italy). Despite concerns that the pandemic might have had a heavier toll on the educational performance of female students, our empirical analysis shows that the gender gap in student progression (number of credits earned) was not affected by the pandemic and that in some college majors (social sciences and humanities) women even improved their GPA relative to men
Schlagwörter:Benotung; gender gap; Leistungsdifferenzen; Leistungsfähigkeit; public universities and colleges; student; Student*in; Universität
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Studium und Studierende, Geschlechterverhältnis
Gender Imbalance in the Editorial Activities of a Researcher-led Journal
Autor/in:
Malkinson, Tal Seidel; Terhune, Devin B.; Kollamkulam, Mathew; Guerreiro, Maria J.; Bassett, Danielle S.; Makin, Tamara R.
Quelle: bioRxiv - The preprint server for biology, (2021) , S 1–30
Inhalt: Editorial decision-making is a fundamental element of the scientific enterprise. We examined whether contributions to editorial decisions at various stages of the publication process is subject to gender disparity, based on analytics collected by the biomedical researcher-led journal eLife. Despite efforts to increase women representation, the board of reviewing editors (BRE) was men-dominant (69%). Moreover, authors suggested more men from the BRE pool, even after correcting for men’s numerical over-representation. Although women editors were proportionally involved in the initial editorial process, they were under-engaged in editorial activities involving reviewers and authors. Additionally, converging evidence showed gender homophily in manuscripts assignment, such that men Senior Editors over-engaged men Reviewing Editors. This tendency was stronger in more gender-balanced scientific disciplines.
Together, our findings confirm that gender disparities exist along the editorial process and suggest that merely increasing the proportion of women might not be sufficient to eliminate this bias.
Appropriating the mosque: women's religious groups in Khartoum
Titelübersetzung:Die Aneignung der Moschee: religiöse Frauengruppen in Khartoum
Autor/in:
Nageeb, Salma A.
Quelle: Afrika Spectrum, 42 (2007) 1, S 5-27
Inhalt: 'Seit der Machtübernahme der National Islamic Front (NIF) 1989 bildeten sich in den Moscheen der Hauptstadt des Sudan immer mehr Frauengruppen. Der vorliegende Beitrag vermittelt, auf welche Weise diese Moscheegruppen gesellschaftlichen Raum für Frauen herstellen, sich den religiös-öffentlichen, männlich bestimmten Raum der Moschee aneignen und ihn transformieren. Die Autorin betont, dieses Fallbeispiel der Moscheegruppen widerspreche der undifferenzierten Ansicht, Frauen in islamischen und speziell in islamistischen Ländern seien (notwendigerweise) unterdrückt und die Infragestellung ungleicher Geschlechterbeziehungen und Machtstrukturen setze eine Abwendung von der Religion voraus. Das Gegenteil sei der Fall: Frauen, die in Moscheegruppen aktiv sind, beanspruchen (mehr) Macht, indem sie religiös(er) werden. Sie transformieren öffentliche und religiöse Räume und handeln mit sozialen und religiösen Autoritäten und Institutionen geschlechtsspezifische Positionen aus.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'This paper discusses the case of women's mosques groups in the capital of Sudan which have considerably spread since the National Islamic Front (NIF) seized power in 1989. The paper empirically demonstrates how the mosque groups are forming a social space for women and how this is leading to the appropriation and transformation of a public-religious and a highly masculine space such as the mosque. The main argument of the paper maintains that the case of the mosque groups contests the undifferentiated view that women in Islamic and specially Islamised societies are (necessarily) oppressed and that the only way to question the unequal gender relation and power structure is by getting away from religion. The paper asserts that, on the contrary, women active in mosque groups are claiming (more) power by becoming (more) religious. Through this power they constitute a space, transform public and religious ones and negotiate their gendered position vis-à-vis social and religious authorities and institutions.' (author's abstract)|
Schlagwörter:Ostafrika; islamism; gender relations; Islamic society; Islam; women's organization; Afrika südlich der Sahara; East Africa; Africa; Religiosität; Islam; Sudan; Frauenorganisation; öffentlicher Raum; arabische Länder; Afrika; gender; Arab countries; religiousness; Sudan; woman; Geschlechterverhältnis; Islamismus; Entwicklungsland; public space; islamische Gesellschaft; Africa South of the Sahara; developing country
SSOAR Kategorie:Religionssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
The Swedish welfare state: neo-liberal challenge and welfare state resilience
Titelübersetzung:Der schwedische Wohlfahrtsstaat: die neoliberale Herausforderung und die Elastizität des Wohlfahrtsstaats
Autor/in:
Bergqvist, Christina; Lindbom, Anders
Quelle: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 32 (2003) 4, S 389-401
Inhalt: 'Angesichts neo-liberaler Strömungen und schwerer wirtschaftlicher Probleme während der frühen 1990er Jahre befürchteten viele Beobachter, der schwedische Wohlfahrtsstaat würde sein umfassendes und geschlechter-gerechtes Profil verlieren. Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass die Veränderungen des schwedischen Wohlfahrtsstaates in den 1990er Jahren inkrementell, aber nicht fundamental waren. Tatsächlich wurden Kürzungen und Änderungen vorgenommen, diese resultieren allerdings nicht in einer radikalen Restrukturierung des Wohlfahrtsstaates. Die zentralen Sozialleistungen wurden universalistischer, nicht zuletzt dank des steigenden Anteils von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt. Auch die öffentliche Kinderbetreuung wurde eher ausgedehnt denn eingeschränkt. Dies belegt, dass es nach wie vor Spielraum für Politikdivergenz gibt. Selbst einer kleinen offenen Wirtschaft mit dem höchsten Budgetdefizit innerhalb der OECD in den 1990er Jahren war es möglich, das nationale Budget wieder unter Kontrolle zu bringen, ohne den Wohlfahrtsstaat abzubauen.' (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: 'In the light of neo-liberalism and severe economic problems during the early 1990s many observers have feared that the Swedish welfare state would loose its universal and gender-equal profile. In this article the authors argue that changes of the Swedish welfare state during the 1990s were incremental, rather than fundamental. Cuts and changes have indeed been made, but they do not sum up to a radical restructuring of the welfare state. The core social insurance programs have become more universal, not least thanks to the growing number of women's labour market participation. Also public childcare services have expanded rather than decreased. This shows that there is still room for public policy divergence. Even for a small open economy with the highest budget deficit in the OECD in the early 1990s it has been possible to regain control over the national budget without dismantling the welfare state.' (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:provision for old age; social security; Sweden; Schweden; welfare state; neoliberalism; Sozialversicherung; public expenditures; Tagesbetreuung; soziale Sicherung; privatization; social insurance; öffentliche Ausgaben; Rentenversicherung; Kind; child; Privatisierung; Neoliberalismus; pension insurance; Altersversorgung; Wohlfahrtsstaat; day care (for children)
SSOAR Kategorie:soziale Sicherung, Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Sozialpolitik, Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik
Die Geschlechterdimension von Weblogs: inhaltsanalytische Streifzüge durch die Blogosphäre
Titelübersetzung:The gender dimension of weblogs: content-analytical journeys through the blogosphere
Autor/in:
Hesse, Franka
Quelle: kommunikation @ gesellschaft, 9 (2008) , 15 S
Inhalt: 'Die Mehrheit der deutschen Weblog-Autor/-innen ist weiblich, zu diesem Ergebnis kommt eine Bochumer Untersuchung aus dem Jahre 2006. Auf der Grundlage einer Zufallsauswahl von 464 Weblogs konnten Aussagen zu Geschlecht und Alter von Weblog-Autor/-innen gemacht werden. Es zeigte sich, dass besonders weibliche Teenager diese Form der Publikation im Internet nutzen. Ausgehend von der Fragestellung ob das Führen von Weblogs Ansatzpunkte für politische Beteiligung bietet, die auch von Frauen genutzt werden, wurden die Weblogs des Samples zudem inhaltsanalytisch untersucht. Dabei zeigten sich Unterschiede zwischen den Blogs männlicher und weiblicher Autoren. Im Vergleich zeigten darüber hinaus häufig verlinkte Blogs einen deutlich geringeren Frauenanteil. Insgesamt erscheinen die Ausdrucksformen innerhalb der deutschen Blogosphäre hochgradig gegendert.' (Autorenreferat)
Schlagwörter:website; Junge; communication; Internet; Kommunikation; Federal Republic of Germany; Jugendlicher; Sprache; politische Partizipation; weblog; adolescent; Weblog; girl; language; Mädchen; boy; comparison; woman; political participation; Website; Internet; gender-specific factors; Vergleich
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, interaktive, elektronische Medien, interpersonelle Kommunikation
Dual-anonymization Yields Promising Results for Reducing Gender Bias : A Naturalistic Field Experiment of Applications for Hubble Space Telescope Time
Autor/in:
Johnson, Stefanie K.; Kirk, Jessica F.
Quelle: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 132 (2020) 1009
Inhalt: Using archival data, we examine the effects of the Hubble Space Telescope Time Allocation Committee (HST TAC)’s decision to adopt a dual- rather than single-anonymous review process. The change involved removing, to varying degrees, information about the Principal Investigator (PI) with the goal of reducing bias against women. Proposals led by female PIs were significantly more likely to be accepted in the five cycles following the changes compared to the 11 cycles using a single-anonymous review system. Taking a closer look at why these changes emerged, we examined data at the reviewer-level in the cycle immediately preceding the change compared to three of the cycles after the change. We found that male reviewers rated female PIs significantly worse than they rated male PIs before, but not after, dual-anonymization was adopted.
Online panel work through a gender lens: implications of digital peer review meetings
Autor/in:
Peterson, Helen; Husu, Liisa
Quelle: Sci. and Pub. Pol. (Science and Public Policy), 50 (2023) 3, S 371–381
Inhalt: Previous studies have highlighted how the academic peer review system has been marked by gender bias and nepotism. Panel meetings arranged by research funding organisations (RFOs), where reviewers must explain and account for their assessment and scoring of grant applications, can potentially mitigate and disrupt patterns of inequality. They can however also constitute arenas where biases are reproduced. This article explores, through a gender lens, the shift from face-to-face to digital peer review meetings in a Swedish RFO, focusing on the implications for an unbiased and fair grant allocation process. Drawing on twenty-two interviews with panellists and staff in the RFO, the analysis identifies both benefits and challenges of this shift, regarding use of resources, meeting dynamics, micropolitics, social glue, and possibilities for group reflections. RFOs deliberating digitalisation of their peer review processes need to consider these implications to develop policies promoting unbiased and fair grant allocation processes and procedures.
Schlagwörter:digitale meeting; Digitalisierung; gender bias; grant application; inequality; micro-political practices; Mikropolitik; Panel; Peer Review; research funding organisation
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
Bilder zur Vergeschlechtlichung des Essens: Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur Nahrungsmittelwerbung im Fernsehen
Titelübersetzung:Gendering food: findings of an analysis of TV food commercials
Autor/in:
Flick, Sabine; Rose, Lotte
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 2, S 48–65
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Studie
zur Nahrungsmittelwerbung im Fernsehen
vor. Der Datenkorpus umfasst 149 unterschiedliche
Spots des Jahres 2009. Vor dem
Hintergrund der These, dass sich in Werbebildern
ästhetisch verdichtet geschlechterkulturelle
Normalitätskonzepte manifestieren,
wurde die Frage untersucht, wie Männlichkeiten
und Weiblichkeiten in Werbebildern
zum Essen und Trinken konstruiert werden.
Hierzu wurden eine kategoriale Inhaltsanalyse
und qualitative Analysen ausgewählter
Spots durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen,
dass die Vergeschlechtlichung der Nahrungsmittel
über eine komplexe symbolische „Gesamtgestalt“
organisiert wird. Hierzu gehören
die räumlichen und sozialen Rahmungen,
in denen das Produkt präsentiert wird, die
Art und Weise, wie es konsumiert wird, und
schließlich auch in erheblichem Umfang die
Fantasien zu seinen Wirkungen und Merkmalen,
mit denen es aufgeladen wird." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The article presents the results of research on
food advertisement in TV commercials. The
data include 149 different adverts taken from
the year 2009. Supposing that gendered concepts
of normality are aesthetically demonstrated
in condensed commercials, the question
arises of how masculinities and femininities
are construed within food commercials.
A content analysis as well as a qualitative
analysis of the chosen adverts led to
the result that gendering food is organised
according to a complex, symbolic overall design.
That includes the spatial and social frames
the products are presented in as well as
fantasies about the effects and characteristics
of the products." (author's abstract)
Mobility-Related Economic Exclusion: Accessibility and Commuting Patterns in Industrial Zones in Turkey
Autor/in:
Akyelken, Nihan
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 5 (2017) 4, S 175-182
Inhalt: Geographers have long examined the assumption that women are locally constricted and what this means for women taking up of economic opportunities. These studies have provided valuable insights into the understanding of the spatial dimension of social exclusion. However, the investigation of the role of wider economic, physical and social contexts on women’s mobility and accessibility constraints has mainly concerned the countries in North America and Western Europe. Through a mixed methods study of two industrial zones in Turkey, this article looks at how women and men from different social backgrounds access the zones with the aim of identifying the specific constraints that women face in their everyday life in accessing economic opportunities. The results show that while gender seems to play a role in the choice of place of residence and the employers’ perception of time use, women’s socioeconomic and educational backgrounds seem to be more important predictors of their commuting patterns and access to the zones. The study confirms that gendered daily travel patterns are a useful unit of analysis for investigating unequal access to economic opportunities. It further argues that the complex nature of everyday mobilities of women should be interpreted in conjunction with the perceptions of employers on women’s work spaces and time use.
Schlagwörter:Türkei; Turkey; woman; Mobilität; mobility; Berufsaussicht; career prospect; soziale Integration; social integration; berufliche Integration; occupational integration; Partizipation; participation; Exklusion; exclusion; öffentlicher Verkehr; public transportation; Pendler; commuter; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; gender-specific factors; accessibility; commuting; female labour; industrial zones; labour markets
SSOAR Kategorie:Verkehrssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Die Implementierung von Gender Mainstreaming: eine Aufgabenstellung für Jugendämter
Titelübersetzung:Implementation of gender mainstreaming: a task for Youth Welfare Offices
Autor/in:
Meyer, Dorit
Quelle: Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis, 27 (2004) 3, S 271-282
Inhalt: Seit 1999 gilt die EU-Strategie des Gender Mainstreaming auch in der Bundesrepublik als strukturierendes Leitprinzip und ist damit auch für die öffentlichen und freien Träger der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe verpflichtend. Dabei können die Jugendämter auf eine gewisse Tradition geschlechterdifferenzierender Maßnahmen (Mädchenarbeit) zurückgreifen. Gleichwohl wird mit Gender Mainstreaming ein Paradigmenwechsel vollzogen, der eine entscheidende Erweiterung klassischer mädchenpolitischer Förderpolitik mit sich bringt. Hinsichtlich der Umsetzung dieser Strategie sind die Jugendämter sowohl in ihrer agierenden Funktion als Träger von Maßnahmen als auch in ihrer steuernden Funktion den freien Trägern gegenüber gefordert. Im Rahmen des Neuen Steuerungsmodells sind in diesem Zusammenhang zwei Instrumente interessant: die systematische Erfassung des öffentlichen Dienstleistungsangebots in Form von Produkten und Produktkatalogen sowie die Steuerung der Dienstleistungen über Zielvereinbarungen und Controlling. (ICE2)
Schlagwörter:Gender Mainstreaming; Management; implementation; girl; Jugendarbeit; youth work; Mädchen; Federal Republic of Germany; Implementation; management; öffentliche Verwaltung; public administration; Jugendamt; gender-specific factors; gender mainstreaming; Jugendhilfe; Youth Welfare Office; youth welfare
"Minderjährig", "männlich" - "stark"? Bedeutungsaushandlungen der Selbst- und Fremdzuschreibung junger Geflüchteter in Malta: eine intersektionelle Leseweise ethnografischer Forschungsausschnitte
Titelübersetzung:"Underage", "male" - "strong"? Negotiations between self-attribution and attributions by others among young refugees in Malta: an intersectional way of reading ethnographic descriptions
Autor/in:
Otto, Laura; Kaufmann, Margrit E.
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 10 (2018) 2, S 63-78
Inhalt: Der Beitrag zeigt, inwiefern männliche* junge Geflüchtete in Malta entlang sozial konstruierter Kategorien eingeteilt, markiert und repräsentiert werden. Dafür wird eine intersektionelle Leseweise, orientiert an den Critical Diversity Studies, für ethnografische Forschungsausschnitte erarbeitet. Deutlich wird, wie gesellschaftliche Normalitätsvorstellungen in Interaktionen zwischen geflüchteten und nicht-geflüchteten Akteur*innen wirkmächtig bzw. (re)produziert werden. Herausgestellt werden demgegenüber Uneindeutigkeiten und Praktiken der Differenzproduktion, die aus normativen/kategorialen Rahmensetzungen herausfallen.
Inhalt: The article shows to what extent young male* refugees in Malta are marked, represented and grouped along socially constructed categories. We develop an intersectional way of reading ethnographic descriptions based on critical diversity studies. We illustrate how normative notions of these categories become efficacious in interactions between refugee and non-refugee actors. Based on this analysis, assumed, normalized clarities are not re-pro-duced, but ambiguities as well as the practices of producing differences beyond the legal framework are analyzed.
Arbeitsteilungsmuster bei der Ernährungsversorgung von Familien: Persistenz oder Wandel?
Titelübersetzung:Patterns of labour division in the food work of families: persistence or change?
Autor/in:
Häußler, Angela; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 4 (2012) 2, S 9-27
Inhalt: "Wie Zeitbudgeterhebungen und andere empirische Erhebungen für Deutschland zeigen, haben sich die Arbeitsteilungsmuster im Haushalt trotz gestiegener Bildungs- und Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in den letzten Jahrzehnten kaum geändert. Die Ursachen liegen in der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung der Geschlechter, die nach wie vor durch strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen gestützt wird. Auf der individuellen Ebene bildet sich der Dualismus in geschlechtstypischen Identitätskonzepten ab, hier haben Arbeitsteilungsmuster eine konstitutive Funktion." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "According to time-use studies and other empirical studies conducted in Germany, patterns of domestic labor division have remained almost unchanged in spite of greater labor-market and educational participation by women. This is due to social gender relations, which are still supported by societal settings. At the individual level the dualism is expressed in gender-typical concepts of identity. From this perspective, patterns of domestic labor division have a constitutive function." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:nutrition; Versorgung; housekeeping; Öffentlichkeit; private household; Arbeitsteilung; Hauswirtschaft; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany; Zeitbudget; the public; privacy; Geschlechtsrolle; supply; man; Privatsphäre; time budget; division of labor; Doing Gender; Familie; identity; woman; Identität; Mann; Ernährung; family; doing gender; Privathaushalt
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Religion Revisited: Women's Rights and the Political
Instrumentalisation of Religion ; Tagung vom 5.–6. Juni 2009 in Berlin
Autor/in:
Birnbaum, Maria
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 2 (2010) 1, S 161–166
Inhalt: "Wie sind Religion und Politik miteinander verflochten und was sind die Folgen dieser Verflechtung? Wann wird die Religion zur Gefahr für Gleichberechtigung und Demokratie?
Diesen Fragen ging die Konferenz "Religion Revisited" der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung und des United Nations Research Institute for
Social Development (UNRISD) im Juni 2009 in Berlin nach. Der Fokus der Konferenz lag darauf,
die Stimmen der Religionen zu identifizieren und zu problematisieren. Wer redet im
Namen der Religionen, wer setzt und wacht über ihre Grenzen, wer formt ihr normatives Rückgrat? Haben Frauen Zugang zu diesem
Bereich der Gestaltung? Wenn nicht, wie ist Veränderung möglich? Obwohl Zwang von außen als Instrument ausgeschlossen bleibt, scheint das ausschließliche Vertrauen auf interne Reformen der religiösen Gemeinschaften die Kraft der Gewohnheit zu unterschätzen.
Stattdessen sollten kritische Argumente zugänglich gemacht werden, neue Lesarten von Texten etc., um das Absolute des Gegebenen
zu relativieren. Es bedarf einer Entnaturalisierung von tradiertem Verhalten, allerdings ohne dieses zu entwerten." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "How are religion and politics intertwined and
what results from this relationship? At what
point is religion a danger to equality and democracy?
These questions opened up the
“Religion Revisited” conference of the Böllfoundation
and the United Nations Research
Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) in
Berlin in June 2009. The conference focused
on identifying the voices that speak in the
name of religion, which create and guard its
borders and fundamental norms. Do women
have access to these arenas? If not, how is
change possible? Dismissing the instrument
of pure external force, the trust in solely internal
change underestimates the power of
custom and traditions. In order to qualify the
absolute character of the present, critical arguments,
new readings of texts etc. should
be made available. The need for a de-naturalization
of traditional customs was emphasized,
without, however, debasement." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Öffentlichkeit; Politik; gender; Säkularisierung; Gender; secularization; religiousness; equality of rights; the public; woman; Religiosität; Gleichberechtigung; politics; Religion; religion; Entnaturalisierung
SSOAR Kategorie:Religionssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Langlebige Männerkultur : Geschlecht und Karriere in der Industrieforschung
Titelübersetzung:Long-lasting male culture : gender and career in industrial research
Autor/in:
Matthies, Hildegard
Quelle: WZB-Mitteilungen, (2006) H. 111, S. 42-44
Inhalt: "Formalisierte Methoden der Laufbahnbegleitung können möglicherweise ein nützliches Instrument der Frauenförderung sein. Die Analyse solcher Instrumente in einem Unternehmen der Industrieforschung zeigt jedoch deren enge Grenzen auf. Nach wie vor spielt die traditionelle, von Männern dominierte Unternehmenskultur eine bestimmende Rolle." (Autorenreferat)
Hat das "Muttchen am Herd" ausgedient? : Konstruktionen der Kategorie "Geschlecht" in den Medien
Titelübersetzung:Is the "mother in the kitchen" out of date? : constructions of the category of "gender" in the media
Autor/in:
Lünenborg, Margreth
Quelle: Televizion, Jg. 26 (2013) Nr. 2, S. 7-10
Inhalt: "Der Artikel zeigt die historische Weiterentwicklung der Geschlechterbilder in den Medien seit den 70er-Jahren sowie die Geschlechterrepräsentation in den Nachrichten auf und beschreibt neue Impulse für Geschlechterkonstruktionen und einen Gegenentwurf zu stereotypen Bilderwelten." (Autorenreferat)
How do you take time? : Work–life balance policies versus neoliberal, social and cultural incentive mechanisms in Icelandic higher education
Autor/in:
Smidt, Thomas Brorsen; Pétursdóttir, Gyða Margrét; Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður
Quelle: European Educational Research Journal, 16 (2017) 2-3, S 123–140
Inhalt: It is suggested that the realization of work–life balance policies at the University of Iceland is compromised by an emphasis on neoliberal notions of growth and performance measurements in the form of new public management strategies. This is sustained by overt and covert incentive mechanisms, which in turn create a range of different gendered implications for academic staff. The results from semi-structured interviews suggest that while this tension field affects all academic staff, it is generally less favourable to women than to men. If women were granted time for the sake of family obligations, they risked a setback in their academic career due to decreased research activity. Women tended to view academic flexibility as an opportunity to engage in domestic responsibilities more so than men; and male interviewees tended to view the prioritization of family as a choice, while women tended to view it as a condition.
Schlagwörter:Gender; Geschlechterunterschied; Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen; incentive mechanisms; Island; neoliberal university; neoliberalism; new public management; Vereinbarkeit; wissenschaftliches Personal; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
