De-biasing on university campuses in the age of misinformation
Autor/in:
Krutkowski, Sebastian; Taylor-Harman, Sarah; Gupta, Kat
Quelle: RSR (Reference Services Review), 48 (2019) 1, S 113–128
Inhalt: Purpose – The purpose of this study is to highlight that in today’s polarised information environment, freedom of speech should not be conflated with a freedom to spread demonstrable lies unchallenged. The authors argue for a review of information literacy instruction to focus on social justice and help participants understand the implications of the views they may hold on vulnerable minority groups.
Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors review and reflect upon the delivery of staff development training on the facts and myths surrounding transgender issues. The authors also encourage other library and information professionals to expand their information literacy instruction into polarised issues that are marked by considerable amounts of misinformation.
Findings – Training participants reported that being more aware of transphobic media coverage will help them reduce bias and better support trans students and staff. It also enabled further opportunities for colleagues across teams and a variety of roles to incorporate the principles of equality, diversity and inclusion into their practice. The success of the sessions also contributed to wider institutional change.
Originality/value – Trans people are a vulnerable minority facing severe, persistent harassment and discrimination both in everyday life and potentially in educational settings. Offering staff effective tools to educate themselves about media transphobia is a step towards creating an environment where trans students and staff can flourish. The authors explore how the media coverage of trans issues allows misinformation to stick and spread. Through applying the concepts of critical thinking and information literacy to trans issues, the authors explain how unconscious bias towards the trans community can be challenged.
Schlagwörter:cognitive bias; critical thinking; higher education; information literacy; Social Justice; Transgender; Transgeschlechtlichkeit; visibility
The Future of Sex and Gender in Psychology : Five Challenges to the Gender Binary
Autor/in:
Hyde, Janet Shibley; Bigler, Rebecca S.; Joel, Daphna; Tate, Charlotte Chucky; van Anders, Sari M.
Quelle: American Psychologist, 74 (2019) 2, S 171–193
Inhalt: The view that humans comprise only two types of beings, women and men, a framework that is sometimes referred to as the "gender binary," played a profound role in shaping the history of psychological science. In recent years, serious challenges to the gender binary have arisen from both academic research and social activism. This review describes 5 sets of empirical findings, spanning multiple disciplines, that fundamentally undermine the gender binary. These sources of evidence include neuroscience findings that refute sexual dimorphism of the human brain; behavioral neuroendocrinology findings that challenge the notion of genetically fixed, nonoverlapping, sexually dimorphic hormonal systems; psychological findings that highlight the similarities between men and women; psychological research on transgender and nonbinary individuals' identities and experiences; and developmental research suggesting that the tendency to view gender/sex as a meaningful, binary category is culturally determined and malleable. Costs associated with reliance on the gender binary and recommendations for future research, as well as clinical practice, are outlined.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Schlagwörter:cultural determination; Dimorphismus; Gender; gender identity; Geschlechterbinarität; neuroscience; non-binary; Psychologie; sex difference; social neuroendocrinology; Transgender
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
From radical black feminism to postfeminist hashtags: re-claiming intersectionality
Autor/in:
Villesèche, Florence; Muhr, Sara Louise; Sliwa, Martyna
Quelle: ephemera. theory & politics in organization, 18 (2018) 1, S 1–16
Inhalt: The term ‘intersectionality’ was coined by legal theorist Kimberlé Crenshaw in the late 1980s. Originally, it referred specifically to the vulnerable position of black women victims of domestic violence in the socio-legal context of the United States. In a nutshell, Crenshaw argues that the particular situation of black women cannot be equated with that of white women victims or with the larger discrimination faced by the black population, and thus the legal apparatus is not conceived to appropriately consider their cases. In addition, an underlying aim was to contest the assumed ‘colour-blindness, neutrality and objectivity’ of the criminal justice system in the US (Nash, 2008: 2; Crenshaw, 1989). Besides its root in the legal field, the term ‘intersectionality’ mirrors debates brought about by radical black feminists in the previous decades and which centres on a critique of a western, white feminism that claims universal reach.
Schlagwörter:binary; epistemology; Feminism; Gruppe; Identität; Identity; Individuum; Intersectionality; Kategorie; Konstruktion; Konstruktivismus; Medien; Postfeminism; Postkolonialismus; race; Social aspects; Theorie; theory
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
‘You must aim high’ - ‘No, I never felt like a woman’: women and men making sense of non-standard trajectories into higher education
Autor/in:
González Ramos, Ana M.; Räthzel, Nora
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, 17 S
Inhalt: It is no secret that the ‘glass ceiling’ preventing women advancing to leadership positions exists in academia as well. Spain is no exception. Gender relations are usually investigated independently of other power relations like class and ethnicity. In our sample (80 men and women in different academic institutions across Spain) we found that not only women but also men from working class backgrounds have difficulties making successful academic careers. Therefore, we use an intersectional approach to investigate the relationship between gender and class. Comparing two life-histories, we explore what strategies individuals employ to overcome the barriers with which they are confronted. We present the stories of a woman with a middle class but non-academic background and of a man with a working-class background. Their strategies can be understood as the result of specific individual trajectories under specific societal conditions, but they also illustrate the barriers and possibilities men and women with non-standard backgrounds encounter in academia. Analysing successful strategies as well as their limitations, we aim to provide perspectives that might contribute to changing the culture of hegemonic masculinities in academia.
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Diversity, Europa und Internationales, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis, Wissenschaft als Beruf
Inhalt: Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen des WZB teilen einige ihrer Erfahrungen als Frauen in der Wissenschaft. Sie beschreiben Geschlechterdiskriminierung im wissenschaftlichen Publikationsprozess und in der Lehrevaluation, gehen der Frage nach, ob es „Quotenfrauen“ gibt, und befassen sich mit den Erfahrungen von women of color im Wissenschaftsbetrieb. Sie enden mit einem Aufruf an Frauen, sich gegenseitig den Rücken zu stärken und an Männer, Geschlechterdiskriminierung nicht als „Frauenthema“ zu betrachten.
Schlagwörter:Diskriminierung; Geschlechterdiskriminierung; people of color; Rassismus; Sexismus; Wissenschaft
Leitbildprosa reicht nicht - Kann man Diversität in der Universität managen?
Autor/in:
Daubner, Lukas
Quelle: Forschung & Lehre, (2018) 3
Inhalt: "1910 wurden die ersten Frauen in den Hochschulverwaltungen als Schreibgehilfinnen zugelassen. Bis dahin wurde ihnen diese Stellung verwehrt, da die Männer in den Verwaltungen und auf den Lehrstühlen argumentierten, dass Frauen aufgrund ihres ‚weiblichen Naturells‘ nicht in der Lage seien Geheimnisse zu wahren oder die Handschrift der Ordinarien entziffern zu können. Zumal ihre physische Leistungsfähigkeit durch die ‚periodischen Umstände‘ beeinträchtigt sei. Auch ohne dieses drastische historische Beispiel zeigt ein Blick auf die moderne Hochschule schnell, dass sich die Erwartungshaltung und Realität hinsichtlich der Vielfalt ihrer Mitglieder in den letzten 100 Jahren gewandelt hat. Heute schmücken sich Hochschulen mit Diversitätsleitbildern und -strategien. In diesen bekennen sie sich zu der ‚Förderung der Wahrnehmung, Anerkennung und Nutzung von Vielfalt‘ oder zur ‚Sensibilisierung für Ungleichbehandlungen und Wertschätzung jeglicher Differenzen in allen Lebenslagen‘. Hochschulleitungen reflektieren damit gesellschaftliche und hochschulpolitische Anforderungen. Wie Digitalisierung, Umweltschutz oder Internationalisierung ist Diversität ein weiteres Thema von dem erwartet wird, dass sich die Organisation Hochschule um Lösungen bemüht. [...]"
Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes
Autor/in:
Garg, Nikhil; Schiebinger, Londa; Jurafsky, Dan; Zou, James
Quelle: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115 (2018) 16, E3635‐E3644 S
Inhalt: Word embeddings are a popular machine-learning method that represents each English word by a vector, such that the geometry between these vectors captures semantic relations between the corresponding words. We demonstrate that word embeddings can be used as a powerful tool to quantify historical trends and social change. As specific applications, we develop metrics based on word embeddings to characterize how gender stereotypes and attitudes toward ethnic minorities in the United States evolved during the 20th and 21st centuries starting from 1910. Our framework opens up a fruitful intersection between machine learning and quantitative social science.Word embeddings are a powerful machine-learning framework that represents each English word by a vector. The geometric relationship between these vectors captures meaningful semantic relationships between the corresponding words. In this paper, we develop a framework to demonstrate how the temporal dynamics of the embedding helps to quantify changes in stereotypes and attitudes toward women and ethnic minorities in the 20th and 21st centuries in the United States. We integrate word embeddings trained on 100 y of text data with the US Census to show that changes in the embedding track closely with demographic and occupation shifts over time. The embedding captures societal shifts\textemdashand also illuminates how specific adjectives and occupations became more closely associated with certain populations over time. Our framework for temporal analysis of word embedding opens up a fruitful intersection between machine learning and quantitative social science.
Intersektionalität und Diversity – zwei kompatible Paradigmen?
Autor/in:
Walgenbach, Katharina
Quelle: ZDfm (Zeitschrift für Diversitätsforschung und -management), 3 (2018) 1, S 34–48
Inhalt: In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob Intersektionalität und Diversity zwei kompatible Paradigmen sind, die sich in einem integrativen Ansatz zusammenbringen lassen. Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen ist die Beobachtung, dass in Teilen der Diversity Studies für eine Verknüpfung von Diversity und Intersektionalität plädiert wird. Dies erscheint aber aus Sicht der Intersektionalitätsforschung problematisch, da es sich um zwei Paradigmen handelt, die von unterschiedlichen Gründungsnarrativen und Prämissen ausgehen. Für das Paradigma Intersektionalität hätte eine selektive Integration dieser Prämissen gravierende epistemologische Konsequenzen.