Perceptions of sexual harassment: An evolutionary perspective
Autor/in:
Colarelli, Stephen M.; Haaland, Stephanie
Quelle: Psychology, Evolution & Gender, 43 (2002) , S 243–264
Inhalt: Much of what we know about perceptions of hostile‐environment sexual harassment remains unclear; therefore, scholars have called for greater theory development and theory‐guided research. We present an evolutionary psychological framework for understanding sexual harassment perceptions and use that perspective to examine the effects of age, sex, status, and power on perceptions of hostile‐environment harassment. In Study 1, we examined the effects of observer age, sex, and behavioral severity on harassment perceptions. Age had a significant effect, with older women viewing sexually‐toned behaviors as more harassing than younger women. Observer sex also had a significant effect, with females perceiving sexually‐toned behaviors — primarily the severe behaviors — as more harassing. Behavioral severity had a strong and significant effect on perceptions of both sexes. In Study 2, we examined how initiator status and power affected harassment perceptions. As expected, initiator power had a strong main effect on perceptions, whereas initiator status had no effect. Interactions revealed that harassment perceptions increased as power increased and as status decreased. The results were generally consistent with sexual selection theory. We conclude with suggestions for policies related to perceptions and accusations of sexual harassment in the workplace.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsklima; Arbeitsproduktivität; awareness; behavior; Modellierung; power; power (psychology); Psychologie; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexualisierte Gewalt; sexuelle Belästigung; Status; Verhalten; Wahrnehmung
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Key barriers for academic institutions seeking to retain female scientists and engineers : family-unfriendly policies, low numbers, stereotypes, and harassment
Autor/in:
Rosser, Sue V.; O'Neil Lane, Eliesh
Quelle: Journal of women and minorities in science and engineering, Vol. 8 (2002) No. 2, S. 161-189
Inhalt: "At the end of a special meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 2001, a statement released on behalf of the most prestigious U.S. research universities suggested that institutional barriers have prevented women from having a level playing field in science and engineering. In 2001, the National Science Foundation initiated a new awards program, ADVANCE, focusing on institutional rather than individual solutions to empower women to participate fully in science and technology. In this study, the authors evaluate survey responses from almost 400 Professional Opportunities for Women in Research and Education awardees from fiscal years 1997 to 2000 to elucidate problems and opportunities identified by female scientists and engineers. Besides other issues, the respondents identified balancing a career and a family as the most significant challenge facing female scientists and engineers today. Institutions must seek to remove or at least lower these and other harriers to attract and retain female scientists and engineers. Grouping the survey responses into four categories forms the basis for four corresponding policy areas, which could be addressed at the institutional level to mitigate the difficulties and challenges currently experienced by female scientists and engineers." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The discursive framing of sexual harassment in a university community
Autor/in:
Eyre, Linda
Quelle: Gender and Education, 12 (2000) 3, S 293–307
Inhalt: Sexual harassment in university communities is, at best, understood as the exercise of power by deviant individuals and is dealt with through sexual harassment policies, grievance procedures, reprimands and educational measures. Through a discursive analysis of one case of sexual harassment, this article illustrates how power is not merely attached to specific individuals. Rather, university communities provide the conditions under which sexual harassment is naturalised. The article illustrates how conservative and liberal discourses of academic freedom, juridical interpretations of collective agreements, and anti-feminist backlash discourses shaped knowledge in the public domain, while the voices of women students and feminist discourses on sexual harassment were either marginalised or silenced. The article supports the view that the discursive framing of sexual harassment constitutes power relations in the academy and ultimately legitimises sexual harassment. The article offers some discursive strategies for dealing with sexual harassment in university communities.
Schlagwörter:discourse; discourse analysis; equality policy; gender-based violence; Gewalt; Kanada; rhetoric; sexual harassment; Universität; university
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
A Global Exploratory Analysis of Men Participating in Gender-Based Violence Prevention
Autor/in:
Tolman, Richard M.; Casey, Erin A.; Allen, Christopher T.; Carlson, Juliana; Leek, Cliff; Storer, Heather L.
Quelle: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34 (2019, zuerst veröffentlicht online 2016) 16, S 3438-3465
Inhalt: Organizations addressing gender-based violence (GBV) increasingly include men as partners in prevention efforts. However, little is known about men who get involved in those efforts and what specific actions they take. We present analyses of data from an international sample of men involved in gender-based prevention work that aimed to describe (a) the nature of participants' involvement in prevention efforts, in both formal programming and in their daily lives; (b) characteristics of engaged men, including gender and bystander-related attitudes and beliefs, and social networks; and (c) factors that sustain men's involvement in GBV movements over time. Comparisons across global regions for these variables were also conducted. A total of 379 male-identified participants above 18 who had attended a GBV event in the past year completed an online survey (available in English, French, and Spanish). Respondents represented all continents except Antarctica, although North America was over-represented in the sample. Overall, respondents scored well above North American norms for men on support for gender equality and recognition of male privilege, and this was true across all geographic regions. Men in all regions reported moderate support from friends and somewhat less support from male relatives for their involvement in GBV prevention. Respondents in all regions reported high levels of active bystander and violence-preventive behavior. The most commonly reported motivations for involvement in GBV prevention included concern for related social justice issues, exposure to the issue of violence through work, hearing a moving story, or disclosures about domestic or sexual violence. Results were mainly similar across regions, but when regional differences emerge, they tended to be contrasts between the global north and global south, highlighting the importance of cross-fertilization across regions and a willingness to adapt critical learnings in new geographic settings.
Schlagwörter:bystander interventions; cultural contexts; domestic violence; gender-based violence; Intervention; Prävention; prevention & control; sexual assault; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt
CEWS Kategorie:Mentoring und Training, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Inhalt: Researchers in many fields, especially those engaged in the study of gender-based violence, have shown an interest in using mixed designs as innovative methodological procedures to transform social realities. In this article, we introduce the ‘‘communicative evaluation of social impact’’ as a methodological tool to reveal the social impact achieved by a multiphase mixed methods design conducted sequentially on gender-based violence in Spanish universities. This tool shows the transformative power of mixed methods with a communicative orientation to generate new legislation, create proper conditions for reporting abuse, and establish new solidarity dynamics with and among the victims to promote violence-free universities.
Schlagwörter:communicative evaluation of social impact; gender-based violence; mixed methods; Spain; Spanien; Wirkungsevaluation
#MedToo: A Large-Scale Examination of the Incidence and Impact of Sexual Harassment of Physicians and Other Faculty at an Academic Medical Center
Autor/in:
Vargas, Emily A.; Brassel, Sheila T.; Cortina, Lilia M.; Settles, Isis H.; Johnson, Timothy R. B.; Jagsi, Reshma
Quelle: Journal of Women's Health 29 (1), S. 13–20, (2020, zuerst veröffentlicht online 2019)
Inhalt: Background: A landmark National Academies report highlighted the need for rigorous evaluation of sexual harassment in medicine. We examined the prevalence and impact of sexual harassment using the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire, the standard for measurement of sexual harassment, but which has not been previously applied within academic medicine. Materials and Methods: A 20-minute online survey was administered to all faculty who had been working at University of Michigan Medical School for at least 1 year (n = 2723). We assessed sexual harassment within the past year from insiders (i.e., from staff, students, and faculty) and from patients and patients' families. We also evaluated mental health, job satisfaction, sense of safety at work, and turnover intentions. Results: In the final sample (n = 705; which included 25.9% of the originally targeted population), most respondents, 82.5% of women and 65.1% of men, reported at least one incident of sexual harassment from insiders in the past year; 64.4% of women and 44.1% of men reported harassment from patients and patients' families. The most frequently experienced dimension of sexual harassment for women and men was sexist gender harassment. Increased experiences of harassment were independently associated with lower mental health, job satisfaction, and sense of safety at work, as well as increased turnover intentions, with no significant interactions by gender. Conclusions: Sexual harassment against medical faculty is alarmingly common at an institution that is not expected to be atypical. Interventions must address sexual harassment, which affects mental health and career outcomes of male and female physicians.
Schlagwörter:career outcomes; medicine; Medizin; mental health; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
Barriers to women leaders in academia : Tales from science and technology
Autor/in:
Howe-Walsh, Liza; Turnbull, Sarah
Quelle: Studies in Higher Education, 41 (2016, zuerst veröffentlicht online 2014) 3, S 415–428
Inhalt: There is growing concern regarding the lack of women in senior positions in science and technology (ST) in United Kingdom (UK) universities. Previous research has enhanced our understanding of the challenges women in academia face to progress their careers. In contrast, relatively little is known as to why so few women reach leadership positions in ST. This article reports on research to examine women’s experiences regarding the perceived barriers to leadership in ST faculties in UK universities. Using in-depth interviews the authors explore personal narratives to highlight the perceived barriers to career advancement. Findings report on the gendered nature of ST faculties and how women struggle to navigate their careers. The investigation illustrates the effect of organisational influences such as temporary work arrangements, maledominated networks, intimidation and harassment, as well as individual influences such as lack of confidence.