The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English
Autor/in:
Gerger, Heike; Kley, Hanna; Bohner, Gerd; Siebler, Frank
Quelle: Aggressive Behavior, 33 (2007) 5, S 422–440
Details
Inhalt: Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape-related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30-item self-report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity.
Schlagwörter:rape; scale; sexual violence; sexuelle Gewalt; Skala; Vergewaltigung/Missbrauch
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
International perspectives on sexual harassment of college students : The sounds of silence
Autor/in:
Paludi, Michele; Nydegger, Rudy; Desouza, Eros; Nydegger, Liesl; Dicker, Kelsey Allen
Quelle: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087 (2006) , S 103–120
Details
Inhalt: The incidence, psychological dimensions, reporting, and impact of sexual harassment of college students throughout the world are reviewed. Special attention is paid to methodological constraints in conducting cross-cultural research in sexual harassment, including difficulty in securing research participants, different methodologies to collect incidence data, use of retrospective data, and varying, definitions of sexual harassment. Recommendations for implementing intervention programs are offered. The strategies suggested deal with the social causes that maintain the harassment, including renegotiating the balance of power between men and women.
Schlagwörter:cross-cultural comparison; cultural characteristics; ethnology; female; global health; humans; interpersonal relations; male; peer group; power (psychology); prejudice; prevention & control; sexual harassment; social perception; social stratification; students; university; vergleichende Methoden; women's health; sexual harassment
CEWS Kategorie:Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Students and managers behaving badly : an exploratory analysis of the vulnerability of feminist academics in anti-feminist, market-driven UK higher education
Autor/in:
Lee, Deborah
Quelle: Women's studies international forum, Vol. 28 (2005) No. 2-3, S. 195-208
Details
Inhalt: "In this article, I draw upon a qualitative interview to offer an exploratory analysis of unacceptable male student conduct towards feminist academics. My informant encountered disrespect from anti-feminist male students, who subsequently maliciously accused her of disrespecting them. The men's complaint was accepted uncritically by the market-driven male Dean of Faculty in order to keep the customers happy. Given that anti-feminism makes feminist academics vulnerable to attack in market-driven UK higher education, I propose that feminists should start to campaign against unacceptable student conduct and subsequent victim-blaming by managers. One way in which we might start to do this is by deploying the interpretation 'contrapower sexual harassment' to conceptualise these experiences. Our campaign will not be universally welcomed in universities. Yet when have feminists been afraid of resistance?" (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Feminismus; Großbritannien; Akademikerin; Geschlechterverhältnis; Student; Sexismus; Frauenforschung
CEWS Kategorie:Geschlechterverhältnis, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Perceptions of Peer Sexual Harassment Among High School Students
Autor/in:
Terrance, Cheryl; Logan, Amie; Peters, Douglas
Quelle: Sex roles, 51 (2004) 7/8, S 479–490
Details
Inhalt: Perceptions of peer social–sexual interactions were examined in a group of high school students (N = 150). Participants were presented with six brief vignettes that described three types of sexual harassment between adolescent peers: physical, verbal/visual, and derogatory. Two vignettes were written for each type of behavior to reflect either a sexually explicit or implicit behavior. Participants responded to Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and the Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA), and then rated the sexually harassing nature of the behaviors. Sexual harassment ratings varied as a function of the type of behavior and the sexual explicitness with which it was displayed. Although consensus was reached regarding the sexually harassing nature of both the sexually implicit and explicit physical forms of behaviors, only when the verbal/visual behavior was explicitly displayed was it perceived as sexually harassing. Interactions among self-esteem, gender attitudes, and type of behavior were also noted. Irrespective of the explicitness with which it was displayed, rater characteristics were influential for both the verbal/visual and derogatory forms of harassment.
Schlagwörter:ethnology; Gewalt; Machtmissbrauch; Messung; prevention & control; scale; Schülerin; sexual harassment; sexualisierte Gewalt; sexuelle Belästigung; Stereotyp
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
A Review and Critique of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ)
Autor/in:
Gutek, Barbara A.; Murphy, Ryan O.; Douma, Bambi
Quelle: Law and Human Behavior, 28 (2004) 4, S 457–482
Details
Inhalt: This paper reviews and critiques the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ), “... a self-report inventory representing the first attempt to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment in a manner that met traditional psychometric standards” (Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995, p. 427). Widely used by its developers and others as a measure of sexual harassment, the SEQ is not a finished product, has a number of problems, and has weak psychometric properties. Because of inconsistencies (e.g., in time frame, number of items, wording of items), the SEQ lacks the advantages of standardized measures, such as the ability to assess changes over time. It defines sexual harassment very broadly, having the effect of distorting findings about sexual harassment. Most importantly, it is not clear what or whose definition of sexual harassment the SEQ assesses.
Schlagwörter:Sexual Experiences Questionnaire; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Mapping the margins : Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color
Autor/in:
Crenshaw, Kimberlé
Quelle: Identities : race, class, gender, and nationality, (2003) , S 175–200
Details
Inhalt: Over the last two decades, women have organized against the almost routine violence that shapes their lives. Drawing from the strength of shared experience, women have recognized that the political demands of millions speak more powerfully than the pleas of a few isolated voices. This politicization in turn has transformed the way we understand violence against women. For example, battering and rape, once seen as private (family matters) and aberrational (errant sexual aggression), are now largely recognized as part of a broad-scale system of domination that affects women as a class. This process of recognizing as social and systemic what was formerly perceived as isolated and individual has also characterized the identity politics of people of color and gays and lesbians, among others. For all these groups, identity-based politics has been a source of strength, community, and intellectual development.
Schlagwörter:African American culture; African Americans; black communities; people of color; racism; rape; violence against women; women of color
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Sexual harassment of women in athletics vs academia
Autor/in:
Volkwein-Caplan, Karin; Schnell, Frauke; Devlin, Shannon; Mitchell, Michele; Sutera, Jennifer
Quelle: The Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8 (2002) 2, S 69–82
Details
Inhalt: Sexual harassment at institutions of higher learning is not a new phenomenon but discussions of this problem in the sporting arena are still scarce. Many studies have focused on student-teacher relationships, few investigations have researched athlete-coach relationships, and hardly any have conducted comparative analyses. This study compares the perceptions and the experiences of sexual harassment ofathletes and students. It is not a surprise that most harassing behaviors are extendedfrom men towards women. Thus, this investigation analyses and compares female student/male teacher interactions with female athlete/male coach relations. The findings indicate that sexual harassment is slightly more prevalent in academia than in athletics. However, in order to guarantee a safe learning environment for all participants in both domains, it is necessary to formulate clear guidelines, to set up educational workshops and to implement intervention programs.
Schlagwörter:academics; AkademikerIn; Bildung; Education; ethnology; Frauen; Gender; guidelines; prevention & control; Richtlinie; Sexual Harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Sport; women
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Perceptions of sexual harassment: An evolutionary perspective
Autor/in:
Colarelli, Stephen M.; Haaland, Stephanie
Quelle: Psychology, Evolution & Gender, 43 (2002) , S 243–264
Details
Inhalt: Much of what we know about perceptions of hostile‐environment sexual harassment remains unclear; therefore, scholars have called for greater theory development and theory‐guided research. We present an evolutionary psychological framework for understanding sexual harassment perceptions and use that perspective to examine the effects of age, sex, status, and power on perceptions of hostile‐environment harassment. In Study 1, we examined the effects of observer age, sex, and behavioral severity on harassment perceptions. Age had a significant effect, with older women viewing sexually‐toned behaviors as more harassing than younger women. Observer sex also had a significant effect, with females perceiving sexually‐toned behaviors — primarily the severe behaviors — as more harassing. Behavioral severity had a strong and significant effect on perceptions of both sexes. In Study 2, we examined how initiator status and power affected harassment perceptions. As expected, initiator power had a strong main effect on perceptions, whereas initiator status had no effect. Interactions revealed that harassment perceptions increased as power increased and as status decreased. The results were generally consistent with sexual selection theory. We conclude with suggestions for policies related to perceptions and accusations of sexual harassment in the workplace.
Schlagwörter:Arbeitsklima; Arbeitsproduktivität; awareness; behavior; Modellierung; power; power (psychology); Psychologie; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexualisierte Gewalt; sexuelle Belästigung; Status; Verhalten; Wahrnehmung
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Key barriers for academic institutions seeking to retain female scientists and engineers : family-unfriendly policies, low numbers, stereotypes, and harassment
Autor/in:
Rosser, Sue V.; O'Neil Lane, Eliesh
Quelle: Journal of women and minorities in science and engineering, Vol. 8 (2002) No. 2, S. 161-189
Details
Inhalt: "At the end of a special meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 2001, a statement released on behalf of the most prestigious U.S. research universities suggested that institutional barriers have prevented women from having a level playing field in science and engineering. In 2001, the National Science Foundation initiated a new awards program, ADVANCE, focusing on institutional rather than individual solutions to empower women to participate fully in science and technology. In this study, the authors evaluate survey responses from almost 400 Professional Opportunities for Women in Research and Education awardees from fiscal years 1997 to 2000 to elucidate problems and opportunities identified by female scientists and engineers. Besides other issues, the respondents identified balancing a career and a family as the most significant challenge facing female scientists and engineers today. Institutions must seek to remove or at least lower these and other harriers to attract and retain female scientists and engineers. Grouping the survey responses into four categories forms the basis for four corresponding policy areas, which could be addressed at the institutional level to mitigate the difficulties and challenges currently experienced by female scientists and engineers." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Technik; Familienpolitik; Wissenschaftlerin; Ingenieurwissenschaft; Familie-Beruf; Chancengleichheit; Hochschulbildung
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The discursive framing of sexual harassment in a university community
Autor/in:
Eyre, Linda
Quelle: Gender and Education, 12 (2000) 3, S 293–307
Details
Inhalt: Sexual harassment in university communities is, at best, understood as the exercise of power by deviant individuals and is dealt with through sexual harassment policies, grievance procedures, reprimands and educational measures. Through a discursive analysis of one case of sexual harassment, this article illustrates how power is not merely attached to specific individuals. Rather, university communities provide the conditions under which sexual harassment is naturalised. The article illustrates how conservative and liberal discourses of academic freedom, juridical interpretations of collective agreements, and anti-feminist backlash discourses shaped knowledge in the public domain, while the voices of women students and feminist discourses on sexual harassment were either marginalised or silenced. The article supports the view that the discursive framing of sexual harassment constitutes power relations in the academy and ultimately legitimises sexual harassment. The article offers some discursive strategies for dealing with sexual harassment in university communities.
Schlagwörter:discourse; discourse analysis; equality policy; gender-based violence; Gewalt; Kanada; rhetoric; sexual harassment; Universität; university
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz