See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil: Theorizing network silence around sexual harassment
Autor/in:
Hershcovis, M. Sandy; Vranjes, Ivana; Berdahl, Jennifer L.; Cortina, Lilia M.
Quelle: The Journal of applied psychology, (2021) , S 1–14
Details
Inhalt: #MeToo has inspired the voices of millions of people (mostly women) to speak up about sexual harassment at work. The high-profile cases that reignited this movement have revealed that sexual harassment is and has been shrouded in silence, sometimes for decades. In the face of sexual harassment, managers, witnesses and targets often remain silent, wittingly or unwittingly protecting perpetrators and allowing harassment to persist. In this integrated conceptual review, we introduce the concept of network silence around sexual harassment, and theorize that social network compositions and belief systems can promote network silence. Specifically, network composition (harasser and male centrality) and belief systems (harassment myths and valorizing masculinity) combine to instill network silence around sexual harassment. Moreover, such belief systems elevate harassers and men to central positions within networks, who in turn may promote problematic belief systems, creating a mutually reinforcing dynamic. We theorize that network silence contributes to the persistence of sexual harassment due to the lack of consequences for perpetrators and support for victims, which further reinforces silence. Collectively, this process generates a culture of sexual harassment. We identify ways that organizations can employ an understanding of social networks to intervene in the social forces that give rise to silence surrounding sexual harassment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Schlagwörter:Belästigung; harassment; informal support; Intervention; interventions; network; Netzwerk; Prävention; prevention; sexuelle Belästigung; Unterstützung
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Methodological manual for the EU survey on gender-based violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV) - 2021 edition
Herausgeber/in:
European Union; Paats, Merle; Vujackov, Sanja; Eurostat
Quelle: Eurostat; European Union; Brussels (Manuals and Guidelines), 2021.
Details
Inhalt: The ambitions of the European Commission’s work on gender equality are set out in the Gender Equality Strategy
for 2020-2025(1). One of the key prerequisites in achieving a gender-equal Europe is preventing and combating
all forms of violence against women and girls, supporting and protecting victims of such crimes, and holding
perpetrators accountable for their abusive behaviour. The strategy emphasizes that gender-based violence – that is,
violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately(2) – is
still one of our societies’ biggest challenges and is deeply rooted in gender inequality(3).
The EU and its Member States are committed to achieving their objective and working towards ending gender-
based violence through legislation and practical measures to uphold victims’ rights(4). A range of EU directives
and other instruments are already in place requiring that the Member States establish minimum standards on
crime victims’ rights and on support and protection, ensure compensation to crime victims, prohibit sex-based
harassment, and establish systems for mutual recognition of protection measures in civil and criminal matters.
Regrettably, enforcement of these issues is still limited, and violence remains under-reported(5).
To develop efficient and effective policy and legal responses to end gender-based violence, accurate data are
necessary. Thus, the Gender Equality Strategy for 2020-2025 calls for comprehensive, updated and comparable data
for policies on combating gender-based violence. To obtain a complete picture of gender-based violence, data
should be disaggregated by relevant intersectional aspects and indicators such as age, disability status, migrant
status and rural/urban residence. The Council of Europe’s Convention on preventing and combating violence
against women and domestic violence, known as the Istanbul Convention(6) also underlined the importance of
relevant statistics. The Istanbul Convention states, ‘For the purpose of implementation of this Convention, Parties
shall undertake to collect disaggregated relevant statistical data … [and] … shall endeavour to conduct population-
based surveys at regular intervals to assess the prevalence of and trends in all forms of violence covered by the
scope of this Convention’.
To respond to these needs, Eurostat has developed, with national statistical institutes (NSIs), a sound survey
methodology and harmonised questionnaire for a EU-wide survey that will provide comparable data across Europe
on the prevalence and dynamics of violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV).
The EU-GBV survey questionnaire and methodology are now ready and described in this methodological manual.
Schlagwörter:intimate partner violence; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; Umfragenmethodik
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Violence and harassment in the world of work: A guide on Convention No. 190 and Recommendation No. 206
Herausgeber/in:
International Labour Organization
Quelle: International Labour Organization; Geneva, 2021.
Details
Inhalt: Adopted on 21 June 2019, the Violence and Harassment Convention (No. 190) and Recommendation (No. 206), 2019, are the most recent additions to the realm of international labour law. With their adoption, the right of everyone to a world of work free from violence and harassment has been clearly spelled out in international law, along with States’ obligation to respect, promote and realize this right. These instruments represent a piece of paramount importance towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly Sustainable Development Goals 5 (gender equality) and 8 (decent work and economic growth).
Convention No. 190 brings together equality and non-discrimination with safety and health at work
in one instrument, and places human dignity and respect at its core. The Convention recognizes that
violence and harassment can constitute a human rights violation or abuse, and provides, for the first
time, a single composite concept of violence and harassment (Art. 1) 5. The Convention requires
Member States to adopt an inclusive, integrated and gender-responsive approach to prevent and
address such behaviours in the world of work (Art. 4(2)). This approach envisages action on prevention,
protection, enforcement, remedies, guidance, training and awareness raising (Arts 4, 7–11), and takes into
account third parties as both victims and perpetrators. In adopting this approach, Convention No. 190
requires States to recognize the different and complementary roles and functions of governments,
employers and workers, and their respective organizations, taking into account the varying nature
and extent of their respective responsibilities (Arts 4(3) and 9).
The Convention has a broad personal scope of protection (Article 2) and seeks to address violence
and harassment that occurs “in the course of, linked with or arising out of work”, both in the
formal and informal economy, and whether in the private or public sector (Article 3). The Convention
has a strong focus on inclusivity (Arts 2 and 6) as well as accessibility (Arts 4(2), 9(d), 11(b)), and
acknowledges that some groups and workers in certain sectors, occupations and work arrangements are
especially vulnerable to violence and harassment (Arts 6 and 8). It embeds a strong gender-responsive
perspective with a view to tackling root causes of discriminatory forms of violence and harassment.
Convention No. 190 and Recommendation No. 206 reaffirm the ILO’s crucial standard-setting role. They
are tangible evidence of the enduring value and strength of social dialogue among governments,
employers’ representatives and workers’ representatives, and that social dialogue and tripartism
are essential to implementing these standards at the national level.
Schlagwörter:anti-discrimination; Antidiskriminierung; Arbeitsplatz; Belästigung; Beschäftigung; harassment; international; worker
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
Analyse sexueller Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz in der Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen : Erfahrungen mit dem COPSOQ
Autor/in:
Lincke, Hans-Joachim; Häberle, Nicola, Lindner, Alexandra; Nübling, Matthias
Quelle: Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie, 4 (2021) 71, S 167–177
Details
Inhalt: In den vergangenen Jahren hat die #Me-Too-Kampagne maßgeblich beeinflusst,wie über sexuelle Belästigung gespro-chen und wie gegen sie vorgegangen wird. Die Berichte von Frauen (und später auch Männern) von Übergriffen und Diskriminierung in der US-amerikanischen Filmindustrie haben bewirkt, dass Verhaltensweisen zur Sprache kamen und verfolgt wurden, die zwar aus rechtlicher und moralischer Sicht als inakzeptabel gelten, zugleich aber als verbreitete Praxis erschienen. Nähe und Zugang der Betroffenen zu den Medien haben sicherlich das In-Gang-Kommen einer öffentlichen Debatte befördert, und etliche berichtete Ereignisse sind vermutlich mit besonderen Verhältnissen in Branchen wie Kunst, Kultur und Unterhaltung verbunden. Genau diese Überlegungen führen jedoch zu der Frage, ob denn nicht vergleichbare Ereignisse an jedem Arbeitsplatz der Welt vorkommen können. Da sexuelle Belästigung als Komplex mit körperlichen, psychischen und sozialen Aspekten gilt und jedes Unternehmen in Deutschland gesetzlich zu einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung für jeden konkreten Arbeitsplatz verpflichtet ist, liegt der Gedanke nahe, das Thema in diesem Rahmen aufzugreifen. Nachdem die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen ohnehin eine Vielzahl von Themen zu behandeln hat, scheint der Aufwand für die Integration eines weiteren Themas außerdem überschaubar.
Damit lässt sich die wachsende Zahl von Unternehmen erklären, die sexuelle Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz im Zuge einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung mit dem Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) untersuchen: Sie wollen die Gelegenheit nutzen, um herauszufinden, ob und in welcher Form sexuelle Belästi gung bei ihnen auftritt. Beim COPSOQ handelt es sich um einen Fragebogen, der in Deutschland von Freiburger Forschungsstelle für Arbeitswissenschaften GmbH (FFAW) bereitgestellt wird. Die aktuelle deutsche Version (Stand 2020) beruht auf der internationalen Version 3 [3, 14, 19]
Schlagwörter:Auswirkung; Belastung; impact; psychische Faktoren; quantitative Forschung; sexuelle Belästigung; Standardisierung; Validität; validity
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
States of violence: Exploring welfare state regimes as violence regimes by developing a violence regimes index
Autor/in:
Strid, Sofia; Humbert, Anne Laure; Hearn, Jeff; Balkmar, Dag
Quelle: Journal of European Social Policy, 31 (2021) 3, S 321–336
Details
Inhalt: The aim of the article is to examine if and how the welfare state regime typology translates into a violence regime typology in a European context. It builds on the concept of violence regimes (Strid et al. 2017; Hearn et al. 2020) to empirically examine whether the production of interpersonal violence constitutes distinct regimes, and how these correspond (or not) with welfare regimes, gender regimes, and with other comparative metrics on violence, gender equality and feminist mobilisation and transnational actors. Its main contribution is to operationalise the concept of violence regimes, thereby moving from theory to a first empirical measurement. By first constructing a new composite measure of violence, a Violence Regimes Index, based on secondary administrative and survey data covering the then 28 EU member states, countries are clustered along two axes of violence: ‘deadly’ violence and ‘damaging’ gender-based violence. This serves to examine if, and how, the production of gendered violence in different states constitutes distinct regimes, analogous to welfare state regimes, as well as to enable future research and further comparisons and contrasts, specifically related to violence and the welfare state. By providing an empirical measurement of violence regimes in the EU, the article then contributes further to the debates on welfare, welfare regimes, and violence. It specifically contributes with discussions on the extent to which there are different violence regimes, comparable to welfare regimes, and with discussions on the relevance of moving from thinking about violence as an institution within other inequality regimes, to thinking about violence as a macro-regime, a way of governing and ruling in its own right. The article concludes that the exclusion of violence from mainstream social theory and research has produced results that may not be valid, and offers an alternative classification using the concept of violence regimes, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of the concept.
Schlagwörter:geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt; Gewalt; welfare regime
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Factors associated with female students' past year experience of sexual violence in South African public higher education settings: A cross-sectional study
Autor/in:
Machisa, Mercilene T.; Chirwa, Esnat D.; Mahlangu, Pinky; Sikweyiya, Yandisa; Nunze, Ncediswa; Dartnall, Elizabeth; Pillay, Managa; Jewkes, Rachel
Quelle: PLOS ONE (PLOS ONE), 16 (2021) 12
Details
Inhalt: BACKGROUND
Intimate partner sexual violence and non-partner rape experiences are widely reported by female students in South African higher education institutions, as they are globally. However, limited research has focused on investigating vulnerability factors, which is vital for informing interventions.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the factors and inter-relationships associated with female students' increased vulnerability to past year experience of partner sexual violence and non-partner rape in South African higher education settings.
METHODS
We interviewed 1293 female students, i.e., 519 students in six Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college campuses and 774 students at three university campuses. Participants were volunteers aged 18-30. The measured vulnerability factors included childhood sexual abuse, other trauma, mental ill-health, risky sexual behaviours, food insecurity, partner violence, and controlling behaviours. We used bivariate analysis, logistic regression, and structural equation modelling methods.
RESULTS
Twenty percent of participants experienced past-year sexual violence (17% partner sexual violence and 7.5% non-partner rape). Childhood sexual abuse had direct effects on experiencing past year sexual violence and physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours. Risky sexual behaviours mediated the relationships of childhood sexual abuse or harmful alcohol use and past-year sexual violence experience. Mental ill-health mediated the relationships between childhood sexual abuse, other traumatic exposures, food insecurity, physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours, and past-year partner sexual violence or non-partner rape experience.
CONCLUSIONS
Risky sexual behaviours, gender inequitable relationship dynamics, mental ill-health, and food insecurity are related and amenable vulnerability factors associated with female students' sexual violence experiences. Therefore, addressing these through comprehensive campus interventions, which are implemented when students first enrol in higher education and are most vulnerable to sexual violence, is critical. Society-wide sexual violence prevention is also imperative.
Schlagwörter:Missbrauch; rape; sexual abuse; sexual education; sexuelle Gewalt; South Africa; Studienanfänger*in; Südafrika; university; Vergewaltigung
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Die Verbreitung und Meldung nichtwissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens in Forschungsorganisationen: Die größten Herausforderungen am Beispiel der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Autor/in:
Striebing, Clemens; Schneider, Sascha; Schraudner, Martina
Quelle: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, 43 (2021) 1, S 14–47
Details
Inhalt: In den letzten Jahren wurden immer wieder Fälle mutmaßlichen nichtwissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens in der Wissenschaft öffentlich diskutiert. Hieran anknüpfend ist die Effektivität der formalen Beschwerdewege in der Wissenschaft, Konflikte frühzeitig und aus Sicht der Betroffenen „fair“ zu lösen, Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags.
Der Untersuchung am Beispiel der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft liegt eine organisationsweite Online-Befragung (n=9078) zugrunde. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Verbreitung von Mobbing und sexueller Diskriminierung in der MPG und diskutiert die Nutzung und Bekanntheit der einzelnen Anlaufstellen zur Beschwerde gegen nichtwissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten. Ein Problem des damaligen Systems zur Meldung nichtwissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens war das Fehlen niedrigschwelliger Beschwerdewege außerhalb der lokalen Institutsstrukturen. Es werden Kriterien für Meldestellen vorgeschlagen, die diese Problematik überwinden, und über inzwischen umgesetzte Maßnahmen berichtet.
Schlagwörter:Beschwerde; Fehlverhalten; Führungskultur; harassment; leadership; Mobbing; questionnaire; Sexual Experiences Questionnaire; sexual harassment; Umfrage
CEWS Kategorie:Außerhochschulische Forschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Wie Gewalt untersuchen? Ein Kodierschema für einen reflexiven Gewaltbegriff
Autor/in:
Barth, Jonas; Fröhlich, Johanna; Lindemann, Gesa; et al.
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 22 (2021) 1
Details
Inhalt: Wir unterbreiten in dem vorliegenden Text einen Vorschlag für ein der interpretativen Forschung angemessenes Gewaltverständnis und skizzieren seine methodologischen Konsequenzen. In Auseinandersetzung mit qualitativen Studien zu Gewalt verbinden wir eine klare theoretische Explikation des Phänomens Gewalt mit der von der qualitativen Sozialforschung geforderten Offenheit gegenüber dem Material. Wir gehen dabei von der Unterscheidung zwischen einem positiven und einem reflexiven Gewaltbegriff aus: Wenn Gewalt aus der Beobachter*innenperspektive inhaltlich definiert wird, sprechen wir von einem positiven Gewaltbegriff. Ein solches Vorgehen widerspricht allerdings den Annahmen der interpretativen Forschung, denn hier liegt der Schwerpunkt darauf, soziale Phänomene ausgehend vom (Selbst-)Verständnis sozialer Akteur*innen zu analysieren. Wenn man es dem Selbstverständnis im Feld überlässt, ein Phänomen als Gewalt zu identifizieren, dies aber der Intuition der Beobachter*innen widerspricht, führt dies in der soziologischen Forschungspraxis oftmals dazu, dass ein Phänomen gegen das Selbstverständnis im Feld als Gewalt identifiziert wird. Um mit diesem Problem umzugehen, schlagen wir ein reflexives Gewaltverständnis vor und konkretisieren dieses in einem Kodierschema für die qualitativ-interpretative Untersuchung von sozialen Zusammenhängen mit Blick auf Gewalt. Exemplarisch verdeutlichen wir den interpretativen Sinn
des Kodierschemas an einem Beispiel aus der Pflege von Menschen mit Demenz.
Schlagwörter:coding; Gewalt; Kodieren; Qualitative Forschung; qualitative method; violence
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Women and the Challenge of STEM Professions : Thriving in a Chilly Climate
Autor/in:
Arredondo, Patricia; Miville, Marie; Capodilupo, Christina; Vera, Tatiana
Quelle: Springer, 2021.
Details
Inhalt: "This eye-opening book identifies factors that impede the success of women in STEM professions and demonstrates the negative impact of sexual harassment on women’s physical health, mental health, and job performance. Focusing specifically on the narratives of women in higher education, the authors illuminate the structural and systemic barriers facing women working as graduate students, faculty, and administrators. Drawing on insights from the #metoo and #timesup movements as well as the Brett Kavanaugh Senate hearings, this book:
Provides real-life narratives of women from diverse cultural backgrounds and gender identities struggling in unhealthy workplace environments
Validates women working in STEM fields who feel isolated in workplaces of hostility, marginalization, and invalidation
Celebrates the achievements of women who negotiate and achieve success amid workplace hostilities
Recommends specific practices women can engage and employers can apply to ensure women’s safety and career prosperity"
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; academia; MINT; sexual harassment; STEM; woman scientist
CEWS Kategorie:Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
Understanding Violence Against Women in Africa
Autor/in:
Onditi, Francis; Odera, Josephine
Quelle: Springer International Publishing, 2021.
Details
Inhalt: “This textbook provides students across Social Sciences, Humanities, Politics, and International Studies with an indepth understanding of the issues, policies, and strategies for addressing the symptoms and root causes of violence against women (VAW) in sub-Saharan Africa. This text uses the United Nations Security Council’s Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) on Women, Peace and Security in Eastern and Southern Africa as a framework to present the causes and impacts of VAW and to trace the journey of sub-Saharan African countries toward gender equality. It also provides an overview of the policy and legislative frameworks that underpin the progress, challenges, and achievements of addressing VAW based on four key pillars: prevention, protection, participation, and relief and recovery. Chapters provide a wealth of knowledge, as the book draws on academic literature; national, regional, and international legislations; and data collected from field research, and makes use of end-of-chapter discussion questions and quick study guides.
Students will come away equipped with the tools, resources, and knowledge necessary to address and fix VAW in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.”
Schlagwörter:Africa; gender based violence; International Studies; women's rights
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Monographie