Work-life balance practices and the gender gap in job satisfaction in the UK : evidence from matched employer-employee data
Titelübersetzung:Work-Life-Balance in der Praxis und der geschlechtsspezifische Unterschied bei der Arbeitszufriedenheit in Großbritannien : Datenergebnisse des Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Matchings
Autor/in:
Asadullah, Niaz; Fernandez, Rosa M.
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3582), 2008. 39 S.
Inhalt: "This paper examines the role of work-life balance practices (WLB) in explaining the 'paradox of the contented female worker'. After establishing that females report higher levels of job satisfaction than men in the UK, we test whether firm characteristics such as WLB and gender segregation boost the satisfaction of women proportionately more than that of men, thereby explaining why the former are reportedly happier. The results prove that WLB practices increase the likelihood of reporting higher satisfaction but similarly for both demographic groups thereby reducing the gender gap in job satisfaction only slightly. Still, the results indicate that WLB practices at the forefront of worker welfare policy improve the wellbeing of the workforce. Experiments with firm-fixed effects allowed by the matched dimension of the data reveal that firm effects are relevant but they only explain a half of the gender gap in job satisfaction, suggesting that the other half may be due to individual heterogeneity." (author's abstract)
Die Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf das Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland
Titelübersetzung:Impacts of demographic change on company foundation activities in Germany
Autor/in:
Gottschalk, Sandra; Theuer, Sebastian
Quelle: (Discussion Paper / Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH, No. 08-032), 2008. 46 S.
Inhalt: "Die demografische Entwicklung in Deutschland wird auf mittlere Sicht zu einer nennenswerten Absenkung der bisher für das Gründungsgeschehen bedeutsamen Alterskohorten führen. Diese Studie zeigt durch eine Projektion der gegenwärtigen Strukturen in die Zukunft, dass die demografische Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland langfristig zu einer Absenkung des Unternehmensgründungsgeschehens führen würde, wenn die Abnahme des Gründerpotenzials, das sich hauptsächlich aus der Gruppe der 30 bis 45-Jährigen speist, nicht kompensiert werden würde. (Die vorausberechnete Zeitreihe kann jedoch nicht als Prognose der Entwicklung des Gründungsgeschehens angesehen werden.) Simulationen legen dar, auf welche Weise sich das Gründerpotenzial erhöhen ließe, um die zahlenmäßige Abnahme der gründungsstarken Jahrgänge auszugleichen. In den Simulationsszenarien wird an drei Stellen in das Unternehmensgründungsgeschehen, wie es sich heute darstellt, eingegriffen. D.h. die heutigen Strukturen werden exogen verändert und der Effekt dieser Veränderung auf die zukünftige Entwicklung wird quantifiziert. Im ersten Szenario wurde der Effekt einer steigenden Gründungsneigung von Frauen simuliert. Ein moderater Anstieg des Anteils der Frauen, die sich für eine selbstständige Beschäftigung entscheiden, führt zu einer signifikant höheren Anzahl an Gründungen am Ende des Projektionszeitraums. Das zweite Szenario demonstriert den projizierten Verlauf des Gründungsgeschehens bei einem langsamen Anstieg des Akademikeranteils von 16 Prozent der Erwerbspersonen im Jahr 2006 auf 26 Prozent im Jahr 2050. Da die Gründungsneigung mit der Qualifikation steigt, führt das zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Gründungszahlen im Vergleich zum Ausgangsszenario. Der geringste Effekt auf die Entwicklung des Gründungsgeschehens wird erzielt, wenn eine Erhöhung der Erwerbsquoten und der Selbstständigkeitseintrittsquoten von Erwerbspersonen im Alter von 50 bis 59 Jahren simuliert wird. Dies verdeutlicht, dass nur geringe Anstrengungen nötig sind, um das Gründungsgeschehen auf dem bisherigen Niveau zu halten. Maßnahmen zur Motivation von Frauen, ein Unternehmen zu gründen, können sinnvoll sein, da schon geringe Erfolge zu einer nennenswerten Aufstockung der Unternehmensgründungen führen können. Und eine Verbesserung der Ausbildung und der Ausbildungsbedingungen spielt für ein Aufrechterhalten oder eine Ankurbelung des Unternehmensgründungsgeschehens eine bedeutende Rolle." (Autorenreferat)
The social situation in the European Union 2007 : social cohesion through equal opportunities
Titelübersetzung:Die soziale Lage in der Europäischen Union 2007
Herausgeber/in:
Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission
Quelle: Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Europäische Kommission; Brüssel, 2008. 199 S.
Inhalt: "The 2007 Social Situation Report presents some key findings from the EU's new tool for monitoring the social situation and, in the future, social trends, namely the EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions). It looks at income inequality and how this is related to economic performance and at how people on low incomes are distributed across the EU as a whole. Incomes are more evenly distributed within the EU than in the US, and in the EU a high level of economic performance often goes hand in hand with greater equality. In 2004, around 100 million Europeans (22% of the total population) had less than 60% of the EU median income of around EURO 8000 per year for a single person or EURO 22 a day. In a majority of member states the largest segment of the population at risk of poverty consists of couples with one or two children where one of the partners is not working (at least throughout the year) - the 'male breadwinner' family type. Single parents, while being exposed to a high risk of poverty, represent a large share of the population at risk of poverty only in countries where this type of household is widespread." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Demographie und Bevölkerungsfragen, Europa und Internationales, Statistik und statistische Daten, Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Geschlechterverhältnis
Work-life balance reconsidered : time allocation within partnerships ; Germany, UK and Austria
Titelübersetzung:Work-life balance neu betrachtet : Zeitallokation innerhalb einer Partnerschaft ; Deutschland, Großbritannien und Österreich
Autor/in:
Neuwirth, Norbert; Wernhart, Georg
Quelle: Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, Nr. 67), 2008. 96 S.
Inhalt: "The discussion about reconciliation of work and family, respectively the so called work-life balance has grown considerably over the last two decades. Arguments and positions differ in many respects. Even the scope of 'work-life-balance' is not uniquely defined. This paper follows an analytical economic approach and shows the intra-personal and intra-partnership trade-offs between five core categories of productive and consumptive activities. This tradeoff is shown for the population of three European countries, which exhibit considerable differences in time allocation. Although the countries' mean levels differ, the gendered behaviour patterns of partners shown wide commonness." (author's abstract)
Will women be women? : analyzing the gender difference among financial experts
Titelübersetzung:Werden Frauen Frauen sein? : Analyse der Geschlechterdifferenz unter Finanzexperten
Autor/in:
Beckmann, Daniela; Menkhoff, Lukas
Quelle: Hannover (Diskussionspapiere / Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, No. 391), 2008. 17 S.
Inhalt: "There are robust gender differences in the domains of risk taking, overconfidence and competition behavior. However, as expertise tends to level these differences, we ask whether financial experts still show gender dissimilarities in their domains of decision making? We analyze survey responses of 649 fund managers in the U.S., Germany, Italy and Thailand, and find that female fund managers tend to behave as expected from gender studies: they are more risk averse and shy away from competition in the tournament scenario. The expected lower degree of overconfidence by women is yet so small that it becomes insignificant in fund management." (author's abstract)
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3581), 2008. 33 S.
Inhalt: "Research on self-employment has increased during recent years and particular attention has been paid to self-employment dynamics and the factors influencing entry and exit rates from self-employment. Using a large panel data set for Sweden, this paper investigates variations in recruitment to self-employment and in self-employment performance by gender and by employment status prior to entering self-employment. As performance measures we use income from self-employment, number of employees, exit rates and destination after self-employment. We find that the probability of becoming self-employed is highest among men who are economically inactive and lowest among women who are wage-earners. Analysing self-employment performance, we find that men have higher incomes than women. Self-employed women more often than self-employed men have employees. For both men and women those who enter from unemployment or inactivity are less successful in terms of income and the probability of having employees than those who enter from paid employment. When exits are divided into paid employment and other employment status, we find that those who entered from unemployment or inactivity face a higher risk of returning to one of these states." (author's abstract)
Titelübersetzung:Bekommt die gläserne Decke Risse? : ein einfacher Test
Autor/in:
Hu, Ting; Yun, Myeong-Su
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3518), 2008. 23 S.
Inhalt: "It has been reported that there is dramatic increase of female workers into manager level jobs during last few decades in the US labor market. Using Standard & Poor's Compustat ExecuComp database over 14 years (1992 - 2005), this paper examines whether the glass ceiling in the executive market has been substantially weakened measured by relative compensation by gender and female representation in the top rung of the executive market. Though the status of females in the executive market seems to have been improved, we cannot reject null hypothesis of no change when we test hypotheses whether the glass ceiling has significantly weakened. The results of the hypothesis tests suggest that there is still a long way ahead before gender equality is achieved and the glass ceiling is removed in the executive market." (author's abstract)
Why is the share of women willing to work in east germany larger than in west germany? : a logit model of extensive labour supply decision
Titelübersetzung:Warum ist der Anteil der Frauen, die arbeiten wollen, in Ostdeutschland größer als in Westdeutschland : ein Logit-Modell der extensiven Erwerbsentscheidung
Autor/in:
Grundig, Beate
Quelle: ifo Institut - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. an der Universität München; München (Ifo Working Paper, 56), 2008. 23 S.
Inhalt: "The aim of the paper is to analyse differences in the labour force participation (LFP) between East and West German women. Using microcensus data in a binary choice model, we distinguish three main explanations for these differences: the skill composition, the regional labour market and childcare availability. As LFP in-creases in the skill-level, the larger share of high-skilled women in East Germany can explain more than 10 percent of the differences. Whereas East German women do not vary their efforts when regional labour market conditions worsen, West German women are discouraged thereof. Female LFP in East Germany is positively influenced by the provision of full-time childcare while West German women do not show any significant reaction." (author's abstract)
Gender differentiation in higher education : educational specialization and labour market risks in Spain and Germany
Titelübersetzung:Genderunterschiede in der höheren Bildung : bildungsbezogene Spezialisierung und Arbeitsmarktrisiken in Spanien und Deutschland
Autor/in:
Reimer, David; Steinmetz, Stephanie
Quelle: Mannheim (Arbeitspapiere / Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Nr. 99), 2007. 38 S.
Inhalt: "The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between gender differentiation in tertiary education and labour market hazards. We analyze how differences between male and female tertiary graduates in the chosen degree level and field of study affect the likelihood to be unemployed or obtain a low status job. In order to learn about the role of institutional context, we compare Germany and Spain, two countries that differ with respect to horizontal (field of study) and vertical (degree level) segregation by gender as well as to the linkage between the education and labour market system. Using Labour Force Survey data from the year 2000, our results of logistic regression models as well as a non-linear decomposition technique generally confirm our expectation that the field of study explains a sizable portion of the gender gap in unemployment and low status jobs in both countries. Whereas the level of tertiary degree does not matter with respect to unemployment in either country, it explains part of the female disadvantage in holding a low status job in Spain. Moreover, our analyses show that women with a degree in a predominantly male field of study are not systematically disadvantaged compared to men. Finally, even though the role of the institutional context is hard to evaluate, it seems that, for the two selected countries, the horizontal and vertical gender segregation is more relevant in Spain than in Germany." (author's abstract)