Oxford Understanding Relationships, Sex, Power, Abuse and Consent Experiences (OUR SPACE) cross-sectional survey: a study protocol
Autor/in:
Steele, Bridget; Degli Esposti, Michelle; Mandeville, Pete; Hamnett, Gillian; Nye, Elizabeth; Humphreys, David K.
Quelle: BMJ Open, 11 (2021) 11
Inhalt: INTRODUCTION
Sexual violence among higher education students is a public health concern, threatening the general safety of students, often with significant physical and mental health implications for victims. Establishing the prevalence estimates of sexual violence at higher education institutions (HEIs) is essential for designing and resourcing responses to sexual violence, including monitoring the effectiveness of prevention initiatives and institutional programmes. Yet, to date, there have been no rigorous studies assessing prevalence of sexual violence at HEIs in the UK.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
Informed by guidance from Universities UK, the University of Oxford administration and the related student advocacy groups working within the University, Oxford Understanding Relationships, Sex, Power, Abuse and Consent Experiences is a cross-sectional survey of all undergraduate and graduate students over the age of 18 enrolled at the University of Oxford, UK. The survey design uses a complete sampling approach and measures adapted from previous campus climate surveys in the USA as well as the Sexual Experiences Survey (USA). The analysis will estimate the prevalence of sexual harassment and sexual violence perpetration and victimisation, and will examine whether ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation are associated with these primary outcomes.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
Ethical approval was obtained by the Social Sciences and Humanities Interdivisional Research Ethics Committee at the University of Oxford which is a subcommittee of the Central University Research Ethics Committee (ref no.: R73805/RE001). The research team will disseminate findings through peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations. A report cowritten by authors and stakeholders will be shared with Oxford University students.
Schlagwörter:data collection; empirical research; England; prevalence; sexual assault; sexuelle Gewalt; student; Studierende; survey; UK; Umfrage; undergraduate; university
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Methodological manual for the EU survey on gender-based violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV) : 2021 edition - Manuals and Guidelines
Autor/in:
Eurostat
Quelle: Eurostat; Luxembourg, 2021. 694 S
Inhalt: The ambitions of the European Commission’s work on gender equality are set out in the Gender Equality Strategy for 2020-2025(1). One of the key prerequisites in achieving a gender-equal Europe is preventing and combating all forms of violence against women and girls, supporting and protecting victims of such crimes, and holding perpetrators accountable for their abusive behaviour. The strategy emphasizes that gender-based violence – that is, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately(2) – is still one of our societies’ biggest challenges and is deeply rooted in gender inequality(3).
The EU and its Member States are committed to achieving their objective and working towards ending genderbased violence through legislation and practical measures to uphold victims’ rights(4). A range of EU directives and other instruments are already in place requiring that the Member States establish minimum standards on crime victims’ rights and on support and protection, ensure compensation to crime victims, prohibit sex-based harassment, and establish systems for mutual recognition of protection measures in civil and criminal matters. Regrettably, enforcement of these issues is still limited, and violence remains under-reported(5). To develop efficient and effective policy and legal responses to end gender-based violence, accurate data are necessary. Thus, the Gender Equality Strategy for 2020-2025 calls for comprehensive, updated and comparable data for policies on combating gender-based violence. To obtain a complete picture of gender-based violence, data should be disaggregated by relevant intersectional aspects and indicators such as age, disability status, migrant status and rural/urban residence. The Council of Europe’s Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, known as the Istanbul Convention(6) also underlined the importance of relevant statistics. The Istanbul Convention states, ‘For the purpose of implementation of this Convention, Parties shall undertake to collect disaggregated relevant statistical data … [and] … shall endeavour to conduct populationbased surveys at regular intervals to assess the prevalence of and trends in all forms of violence covered by the scope of this Convention’.
To respond to these needs, Eurostat has developed, with national statistical institutes (NSIs), a sound survey methodology and harmonised questionnaire for a EU-wide survey that will provide comparable data across Europe on the prevalence and dynamics of violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV). The EU-GBV survey questionnaire and methodology are now ready and described in this methodological manual.
Schlagwörter:Fragebogen; GBV; gender-based violence; questionnaire; sexual abuse; Statistics; survey; Umfragenmethodik
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Graue Literatur, Bericht
A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing and Natural Sciences : How to Measure it, How to Reduce it? - Gender Gap in Science project: Final report
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Geschlechterverhältnis, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Efforts to prevent sexual harassment in academia : An international research review
Autor/in:
Bondestam, Fredrik; Lundqvist, Maja
Quelle: The Swedish Council for Higher Education; Stockholm, 2020.
Inhalt: This research review has five chapters with slightly differing structures depending on the research presented. The first three chapters aim to describe the international research into the most common aspects of sexual harassment prevention efforts, i.e. policy, education and training, and complaint handling and support structures. The fourth chapter looks at the more recent area of bystanders, and the report ends with a chapter on organisations and leadership.
Policy: Research shows that for policy to be applied and serve a purpose, efforts need to take on the culture of academia, be based on lived experiences of harassment, place sexual harassment in a context, and be combined with knowledge, a mandate to act, resources and active case management, in accord with continuing education and training and communication initiatives. This research review gives a general picture that there is an established discourse concerning why a policy to prevent sexual harassment or something equivalent should exist, what it should contain, and how it should be implemented. At the same time, it appears that a bureaucratically legitimised policy process that implements the efforts that are expected by the legal
frameworks do not have an impact on under-reporting, nor do they reduce
the incidence of sexual harassment, or lead to a greater rate of reporting.
Education and training: Education and training also appears in the material as a common measure for preventing sexual harassment, while the gap
between having knowledge of what sexual harassment is and acting in a different way (the knowing-doing gap) is significant. In the planning, design and
content of training initiatives, the specific conditions for preventing sexual
harassment that exist within the organisation ought to be taken into account,
such as the organisation’s active and passive resistance to change in general, and knowledge about violence and forms of harassment in the organisation more specifically. The support of senior management, a well-developed
organisation for preventive efforts and their associated training efforts, and
the active participation of other managers in preventive efforts have emerged
as key to how well training initiatives work.
Complaint handling and support structures: Effective complaint handling and support structures are fundamental in victims of sexual harass
Schlagwörter:bystander intervention; literature review; Review; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Sweden
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Bericht des Deutschen Juristinnenbundes e.V. (djb) zur Umsetzung der Istanbul-Konvention in Deutschland
Herausgeber/in:
Deutscher Juristinnenbund e.V. (djb)
Quelle: Deutscher Juristinnenbund e.V. (djb); , 2020.
Inhalt: "Dieser Bericht beleuchtet besonders dringenden Umsetzungsbedarf im Hinblick auf die Vorgaben der Istanbul-Konvention in Deutschland. Anlass des Berichts ist die anstehende Überprüfung der Einhaltung der Vorgaben der Konvention in Deutschland durch das Expert*innen-Gremium zur Überwachung der Umsetzung der Istanbul-Konvention durch die Vertragsstaaten (GREVIO). Zur Beurteilung zieht GREVIO neben dem Bericht der Bundesregierung insbesondere auch Berichte durch nichtstaatliche Organisationen heran. Der vorliegende Bericht dient daher dem Zweck, GREVIO über den ausstehenden Umsetzungsbedarf in Kenntnis zu setzen und diese Informationen in das Evaluierungsverfahren einzuspeisen. Er soll zudem der Öffentlichkeit einen Überblick über die noch ausstehenden völkerrechtlichen Verpflichtungen Deutschlands zum Schutz vor geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt bieten."
Does country-level gender equality explain individual risk of intimate partner violence against women? A multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) in the European Union
Quelle: European journal of public health, 30 (2020) 2, S 293–299
Inhalt: BACKGROUND - Gender equality is widely accepted as an important explanatory factor for the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. However, the relationship is not straightforward, as high country-level gender equality is not always associated with lower IPV prevalence. We apply 'multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy' (MAIHDA) to (i) quantify the extent to which the country of residence determines individual risk of IPV and (ii) investigate the association between country-level gender equality and individual experience of IPV, and to which extent this association explains the observed between-country differences.
METHODS - Using data from the 2012 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights survey on violence against women we applied MAIHDA to analyse experiences of physical and sexual IPV among 42 000 women living in the EU. We fitted three consecutive models, and calculated specific individual contextual effects (measures of association) as well as the general contextual effects (measures of variance) and the discriminatory accuracy (DA).
RESULTS - Our findings show that the relationship between experiences of IPV and country-level gender equality is weak and heterogeneous. The general contextual effect is small and the DA is low, indicating that country boundaries are rather irrelevant for understanding the individual risk of IPV.
CONCLUSIONS - Findings from the present study do not imply that that gender equality is unimportant in relation to IPV, but rather that information on country of residence or country-level gender equality does not discriminate very well with regards to individual experiences of IPV in cross-national comparisons.
Schlagwörter:EU; gender equality; Geschlechtergerechtigkeit; Gewalt gegen Frauen; intimate partner violence; logistic regression; logistische Regression; multilevel analysis; Partnerschaftsgewalt; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the European Union : A Systematic Review
Autor/in:
Gracia, Enrique; Lila, Marisol; Santirso, Faraj A.
Quelle: European Psychologist, 25 (2020) 2, S 104–121
Inhalt: Attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are increasingly recognized as central to understanding of this major social and public health problem, and guide the development of more effective prevention efforts. However, to date this area of research is underdeveloped in western societies, and in particular in the EU. The present study aims to provide a systematic review of quantitative studies addressing attitudes toward IPVAW conducted in the EU. The review was conducted through Web of Science, PsychINFO, Medline, EMBASE, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Library, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. This review aimed to identify empirical studies conducted in the EU, published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2018, and analyzing attitudes toward IPVAW. A total of 62 of 176 eligible articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. Four sets of attitudes toward IPVAW were identified as the main focus of the studies: legitimation, acceptability, attitudes toward intervention, and perceived severity. Four main research themes regarding attitudes toward IPVAW emerged: correlates of attitudes, attitudes as predictors, validation of scales, and attitude change interventions. Although interest in this research area has been growing in recent years, the systematic review revealed important gaps in current knowledge on attitudes toward IPVAW in the EU that limits its potential to inform public policy. The review outlines directions for future study and suggests that to better inform policy making, these future research efforts would benefit from an EU-level perspective.
Schlagwörter:Einstellung; EU; Gewalt gegen Frauen; intimate partner violence; Partnerschaftsgewalt; systematischer Review; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Sexual Harassment in the Research and Higher Education Sector : National Policies and Measures in EU Member States and Associated Countries
Autor/in:
ERAC Standing Working Group on Gender in Research and Innovation
Quelle: European Research Area and Innovation Committee; Brussels, 2020.
Inhalt: Gender-based violence (here including gender harassment, sexual harassment, and sexual assault) is prevalent at all levels of higher education and research and in all disciplines. It has destructive consequences for individuals and institutions as well as for the quality of research and education. Despite this, questions of gender-based violence in higher education have received very little attention both in terms of research and on the policy level in Europe. The ERAC Standing Working Group on Gender in Research and Innovation1 calls on all stakeholders to take further concerted policy action to make the European Higher Education and Research Area a truly safe environment where all talents can thrive.
To map policy responses in the EU, the ERAC SWG GRI conducted a survey in Member States and Associated Countries that covered the policies, strategies, actions, and measures taken at the national and EU level to address gender-based violence in higher education and research. The survey’s focus was on strategies, measures, and actions at the national level, not the university/institutional level. This is an important limitation that guides both the reading of the material, the analysis, and the recommendations in the report.
Schlagwörter:gender-based violence; harassment; Policy; policy response; sexual assault
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Ensuring the comparability of cross-national survey data on intimate partner violence against women: a cross-sectional, population-based study in the European Union
Inhalt: OBJECTIVES
To ensure the cross-national comparability of the set of questions addressing physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) included in the European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey. Once the measurement invariance of these measures is established, we aim to make appropriate and valid comparisons of the levels of physical and sexual IPVAW across the EU countries.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional, population-based study.
PARTICIPANTS
Data were drawn from the survey conducted by the FRA on violence against women, including the responses of 42 002 adult women from the 28 countries of the EU.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The set of questions addressing lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual IPVAW used in the FRA survey. The psychometric properties (ie, reliability and validity) of these measures were examined, as well as their latent structure and their measurement invariance across the 28 EU countries.
RESULTS
The physical and sexual IPVAW measures presented adequate internal consistency and validity evidence based on their relations to other variables in all countries. A latent two-factor structure was supported and scalar invariance was established across countries. Our results showed that the average levels of physical and sexual IPVAW were highest in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and UK compared with the rest of the EU countries. In many of the other countries the levels of these types of violence overlapped, especially in the case of sexual IPVAW.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study showed that the set of questions addressing physical and sexual IPVAW included in the FRA survey can be compared across all EU countries, highlighting the importance of testing the measurement equivalence of the instruments used in large sociodemographic surveys in order to make valid cross-national comparisons.
Schlagwörter:Gewalt gegen Frauen; Partnerbeziehung; reliability; Skala; Validität; validity; vergleichende Forschung
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Violence against Women: Psychological violence and coercive control : Study requested by the FEMM committee
Autor/in:
Jeney, Petra
Quelle: European Parliament; European Institution of Public Administration; 2020. 112 S
Inhalt: This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee, explores whether psychological violence against women is criminalised in select EU Member States, how data is collected regarding this particular form of gender based violence and, in close relation to this, whether custody and visiting rights of perpetrators are affected.
Schlagwörter:Datenquellen; Europa; Gesetzgebung; Gewalt gegen Frauen; häusliche Gewalt; Ländervergleich; psychological wellbeing; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt