Addressing Supply-Side Hurdles to Gender-Equal Representation in Germany
Titelübersetzung:Angebotsseitige Hindernisse der gleichberechtigten Repräsentation in Deutschland
Autor/in:
Davidson-Schmich, Louise K.
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 2, S 53-70
Inhalt: One hundred years after being granted the right to active suffrage, German women remain underrepresented in elective office. Quotas have partially addressed demand-side barriers to gender parity in descriptive representation, but significant supply-side gaps remain. Men comprise over 70% of political party members in the Federal Republic, dominating the bodies that provide candidates for elective office. Solutions to this supply-side problem have often focused on “fixing” women to fit into gendered party institutions, rather than altering these structures to be more welcoming to women. In contrast, drawing on interviews with (potential) party members in Germany, this article identifies informal institutions that deter gender-balanced involvement in political parties and suggests ways in which these norms might be changed.
Schlagwörter:woman; Repräsentation; representation; politische Partizipation; political participation; Politikerin; ; Partei; party; Mitgliedschaft; membership; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Ausschluss trotz Einschluss: Ungleiche Handlungsressourcen von Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeistern
Titelübersetzung:Exclusion and Inclusion - Unequal Resources of Women Mayors and Their Male Counterparts
Autor/in:
Kletzing, Uta
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 2, S 95-110
Inhalt: Frauen in der Politik sind nicht mehr die Ausnahme, aber noch längst nicht die Regel. Auch nach 100 Jahren Frauenwahlrecht dominieren unverändert Männer und 'Männlichkeit' den politischen Raum. Gender bahnt sich in Gestalt von Geschlechternorm, Geschlechterordnung und Geschlechterstruktur (Pimminger 2012) unverändert Wege, Ausschlüsse für Frauen zu erzeugen. Politikerinnen unterliegen daher gegenwärtig einer paradoxen Situation gleichzeitiger Einschlüsse und Ausschlüsse. Der auf einer empirisch-analytischen Untersuchung basierende Beitrag geht diesen Einschlüssen und Ausschlüssen am Beispiel hauptamtlicher Bürgermeisterinnen nach, indem er die Verteilung von Handlungsressourcen auf Kandidatinnen (Wahlsituation) bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen (Regierungssituation) und auf ihre männlichen Amtskollegen miteinander vergleicht. Die Verteilung der Handlungsressourcen ergibt für die Kandidatinnen bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen nachteilige Ausgangslagen. Diese geringeren Chancen auf Erfolg können jedoch dem tatsächlichen Erfolg der Kandidatinnen bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen nichts anhaben. Damit wird den 'männlichen'‘ Standards, die der Verteilung der Handlungsressourcen zugrunde liegen, einmal mehr ihre Legitimationsgrundlage entzogen.
Schlagwörter:woman; Politikerin; ; Bürgermeister; mayor; gender-specific factors; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Bundestag; Bundestag; Kommunalpolitik; local politics; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Federal Republic of Germany
Gendered Segregation in Danish Standing Parliamentary Committees 1990-2015
Titelübersetzung:Die geschlechtsspezifische Segregation parlamentarischer Ausschüsse in Dänemark 1990-2015
Autor/in:
Fiig, Christina
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 2, S 111-124
Inhalt: Denmark was among the first countries to achieve female enfranchisement to the national parliament (1915) and it is a society with a long tradition for gender equality policies and women’s rights. 100 years later, the Danish case gives grounds for reflections on gender balance, on segregation and positions occupied by women in national parliaments. Drawing on insights from literature on gender and politics and on parliamentary committees, the article asks what the gendered distribution of seats and chairs is in the Danish parliament, the Folketing, and what can explain these gendered patterns. To answer these questions, this article investigates the horizontal and vertical gendered segregation of standing parliamentary committees of the Danish parliament 1990-2015 based on an explorative, longitudinal study. The results show that the Danish parliament is characterized by both vertical and horizontal segregation in relation to parliamentary committees. Both categories of segregation are declining over time, but the analysis reveals interesting patterns of change and stability especially for the horizontal segregation. Several committees have an over-representation (social, education and research and health) and under-representation of women (defence, finance and transport). A number of committees are characterized by a share of 30-40% women. This category is especially interesting as it points towards a decline in horizontal representation.
Quelle: European Journal of Human Resource Management Studies, 1 (2018) 2, S 55-77
Inhalt: This study ascertained the significant effectiveness of Nigeria’s microfinance model of financial inclusion on women empowerment. Following reforms in the financial system geared towards enhancing women financial inclusion and digitalization of financial products and services, its effect on women empowerment becomes imperative. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of available microfinance banks’ products in rural communities via rent savings, child education, new born and daily savings account on women empowerment. A descriptive survey design was utilized to realize our objective. Two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed to respondents, out of which one hundred and ninety (190) were fully completed and used for the analysis. After checking for internal reliability of the responses through the Alpha Cronbach’s test, we proceeded to applying Pearson correlation and regression estimations. From the regression estimation, we identified a positive and significant relationship between women empowerment and microfinance banks’ products: rent savings, child education, new born and daily savings account. Thus, microfinance model is a policy in the right direction that will result in more financial inclusion of the women population especially, in rural communities. Subsequently, we recommend the creation of more women tailored products by microfinance banks. This will avail them the opportunity to choose from variety of products and services that specifically suit their needs. Furthermore, collateral for women to access finance from these microfinance banks should be community/socially based rather than individually based.
Schlagwörter:Nigeria; Nigeria; Mikrofinanzierung; microfinance; woman; Empowerment; empowerment; Kreditvergabe; lending; Sparen; savings; Benachteiligung; deprivation; gender-specific factors; Partizipation; participation; Entwicklungsland; developing country; Afrika südlich der Sahara; Africa South of the Sahara; financial inclusion; microfinance products
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie
Relationale Demokratie: Das verfassungsrechtliche Demokratieprinzip und gerechte Staatlichkeit in Deutschland
Titelübersetzung:Relational Democracy: The Constitutional Principle of Democracy and Fair Statehood
Autor/in:
Röhner, Cara
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 27 (2018) 2, S 40-53
Inhalt: Trotz 100 Jahre Frauenwahlrecht hält die Unterrepräsentation von Frauen in den Parlamenten und anderen staatlichen Institutionen weiterhin an. In der Verfassungswissenschaft wird die Unterrepräsentation von Frauen jedoch nicht zu den relevanten demokratischen Defiziten gezählt, sie bleibt schlicht unerwähnt. Dieser Befund einer De-Thematisierung folgt aus dem individualisierenden Demokratieverständnis des liberalen Repräsentationsmodells. Dieses begreift Staatsbürger*innen als freie und gleiche Rechtssubjekte unabhängig von ihrer sozialen Verortung. Eine solch abstrakt-formale Perspektive bietet jedoch keinen Maßstab für gerechte Staatlichkeit und hat dementsprechend kein Vokabular für die Thematisierung von gesellschaftlichen Achsen der Ungleichheit entwickelt. Dies führt dazu, dass eine individualisierende Interpretation des Demokratieprinzips dominiert, die faire Repräsentation durch gesetzliche Inklusionsmechanismen - Quoten, paritätische Wahlgesetze, Wahlrechtsreformen - als Beeinträchtigung anstatt als Verwirklichung des Demokratieprinzips erscheinen lässt. Dieser herrschenden Perspektive sollen drei relationale Ansätze entgegengesetzt werden: Anne Phillips Politik der Präsenz, Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz’ und Ruth Rubio-Maríns paritätische Demokratie und Silke Ruth Laskowskis effektive Einflussnahme. Mit diesen lässt sich eine relationale Interpretation des Demokratieprinzips als Basis gerechter Staatlichkeit entwickeln. Diese bietet ein Interpretationsrepertoire, um die politischen Parteien gesetzlich auf eine geschlechtergerechten Nominierung für alle staatlichen, nicht nur die legislativen, Ämter zu verpflichten.
Schlagwörter:Federal Republic of Germany; woman; Politikerin; ; Repräsentation; representation; Parlament; parliament; Demokratie; democracy; Ungleichheit; inequality; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Wahlrecht; suffrage; Verfassungsrecht; constitutional law
SSOAR Kategorie:Staat, staatliche Organisationsformen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Education, Work, and Motherhood in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Review of Equality Challenges and Opportunities for Women with Disabilities
Autor/in:
Tefera, Belaynesh; Schippers, Alice; Eide, Arne H.; Kersten, Amber; Engen, Marloes L. van; Klink, Jac van der
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 6 (2018) 1, S 82-93
Inhalt: This study looks at the equality challenges and opportunities for women with disabilities in low and middle income countries (LMICs) to participate and succeed in education, employment and motherhood. It is based on a systematic review of the literature from academic and non-governmental organization databases. The search of these databases yielded 24 articles, which were subsequently passed through open, axial, and selective coding. The resulting review found that women with disabilities in LMICs have severe difficulty participating and succeeding in education, employment and motherhood due to a number of interrelated factors: (i) hampered access to education, employment, intimacy and marriage, (ii) stigma and cultural practices resulting in discrimination and prejudice, and (iii) lack of support from family, teachers and institutions - all of which are exacerbated by poverty. Support from families, communities, the government, and non-governmental organizations improves women’s ability to fulfil their social roles (as students, employees and mothers), resulting in a better quality of life. Strategies that create awareness, minimize poverty and facilitate justice may improve the opportunities for women with disabilities in LMICs to participate in education, employment and motherhood, as well as their ability to succeed in these domains.
Schlagwörter:woman; Behinderung; disability; Chancengleichheit; equal opportunity; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Bildungschance; educational opportunity; Diskriminierung; discrimination; Armut; poverty; Rolle; role; soziale Unterstützung; social support; soziale Integration; social integration; capability; low and middle income countries
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, soziale Probleme
Quelle: Pakistan Administrative Review, 2 (2018) 1, S 197-208
Inhalt: The authors examine the history of women’s education and the rise of the modern nation-state. The paper seeks to correlate advances in women’s education to the rising status of nations within the global state system. It does this through a historical and a cross-sectional analysis of women’s education and national rankings in terms of such indicators as GDP, public health, rates of crime, technological innovation and government stability. The authors argue that the ability of a nation to compete within the global system is directly tied the educational attainment of its female population. We also put forth strategies that may be used to increase a government’s willingness to invest in the education of its female population.
Schlagwörter:Bildung; Kriminalität; technical development; education; public health; quantity; nation state; technische Entwicklung; Public Health; Bruttoinlandsprodukt; woman; criminality; level of education; Nationalstaat; gross domestic product; Bildungsniveau; Quantität; Women education; modern nation
SSOAR Kategorie:Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Politikwissenschaft, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung