A defence of gender-based affirmative action grounded on a comparison of the United States and of the European Union models
Autor/in:
Crusmac, Oana
Quelle: Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 19 (2019) 1, S 35-56
Inhalt: This article presents a defence of gender-based affirmative action programmes against its critiques. It starts from an overview of the history and main criticisms addressing affirmative action programmes, and then proposes several arguments against these criticisms. Several rationales are to be found at the core of this article: first, women still face discrimination in regard to access to education and employment. This position relies on the statistical data referring to both the U.S. and the E.U. Second, gender-based affirmative action should be treated differently than race-based affirmative action since women's discrimination on the labour market stems mainly from traditional gender norms largely exerted within the family and exercised through state's family policies (e.g. childcare policies). Third, despite the fact that the article defends gender-based affirmative action against the main critiques, it also argues that this measure alone is an inefficient method to tackle gender inequality. The article concludes that gender-based affirmative action programmes are not effective methods to tackle gender inequality because they address only one part of the problem, namely gender inequality encountered in the public sphere (education and employment), while completely ignoring family and caring responsibilities.
Gender, Health and Household Food Security: Evidence from Rural Pakistan
Autor/in:
Ajaz, Nashia; Zakir, Wardah
Quelle: Pakistan Administrative Review, 3 (2019) 1, S 27-34
Inhalt: The present study focuses on finding out gender differences with respect to food
distribution within households. The study also intends to find out if there is any gender difference in health conditions among household members with reference to the availability of ood. The study employs quantitative design. Purposive sampling technique of non- probability sampling was used. Household survey was conducted in tehsil Jatoi, district Muzaffargarh in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, to get the data using a questionnaire. The sample comprised of one hundred households, among which eleven were female headed households and rest eighty-nine were male headed households. The major findings of the study reveal that there is a significant gender difference with respect to food distribution within households. The study also shows that gender disparities are also there with respect to the health condition among men and women. The present study adds to the literature of gender and household food security, and it also puts forth some recommendations for the policy makers to take into account in order to fill the gender disparities with respect to food security. These recommendations include improving the health status of women, reforming institutions to improve the status of women, and designing "mainstream" gender sensitive projects.
Schlagwörter:Gender; Food Security; Household Food Security; Health and Food Security; Gender and Health
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 1-3
Inhalt: This editorial delivers an introduction to the Media and Communication thematic issue on "Communicating on/with Minorities" around the world. This thematic issue presents a multidisciplinary look at the field of communicating on and with different members of minority groups who, based on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or a background in migration, experience relative disadvantage and marginalization compared to the dominant social group. The contributors to this thematic issue present a variety of professional contexts (i.e., portrayals in journalistic content, in fiction and non-fiction audiovisual content, on social media platforms and in health care). Taken together, the contributions examine various theoretical angles, thereby adopting new research directions through the use of quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodologies.
SSOAR Kategorie:interpersonelle Kommunikation, soziale Probleme, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Allgemeine Soziologie, Makrosoziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie
Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia
Autor/in:
Struthers, Karen; Strachan, Glenda
Quelle: International journal for research in vocational education and training, 6 (2019) 1, S 1-19
Inhalt: Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change.
Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades?
Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.
Schlagwörter:Berufsbildung; vocational education; Berufswahl; occupational choice; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenberuf; female profession; Männerberuf; male profession; Stereotyp; stereotype; Segregation; segregation; Australien; Australia; Vocational Education and Training, VET; Non-traditional Occupations; Women in Trades
SSOAR Kategorie:Bildungswesen quartärer Bereich, Berufsbildung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie
Quelle: Global Labour Journal, 10 (2019) 2, S 123-141
Inhalt: How do local labour market structures, in tandem with workforce dispositions and attitudes, influence the way multinational companies localise their standardised work and production systems? This article investigates the conflict-ridden factory regime of a lean automotive plant in provincial Russia at which the management was able to secure a relatively high level of consent among its female workers but not among male workers. In order to explain this gendered pattern of worker consent, the plant-internal gender division of labour and two societal factors proved crucial: the gendered segmentation of the local labour market and the workers' cultural dispositions. At the same time, the analysis points to the transformative effect that the company’s work and production system had on the local labour regime. The case study relies on a combination of quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. It emphasises the need to reconnect the analysis of branch-plant factory regimes to a nuanced understanding of their embeddedness within local labour markets - also in the case of highly standardised work and production systems.
Schlagwörter:Russland; Russia; Fertigung; manufacturing; Lean Management; lean management; Arbeitsmarkt; labor market; regionale Faktoren; regional factors; gender-specific factors; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; Beruf; occupation; soziale Position; social position; Berufszufriedenheit; job satisfaction; Ungleichheit; inequality; Personalpolitik; personnel policy; Arbeitsbeziehungen; labor relations; labour control regime; labour process; lean production
SSOAR Kategorie:Produktion, Fertigung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Wirkungen von gleichstellungspolitischen Programmen: Rigorose Wirkungsevaluation des Professorinnenprogramms
Titelübersetzung:Effects of Gender Equality Programmes: Impact Evaluation of the "Women Professors Programme"
Autor/in:
Löther, Andrea
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Evaluation (ZfEv), 18 (2019) 1, S 77-96
Inhalt: Das seit 2008 bestehende Professorinnenprogramm zielt auf eine Erhöhung des Professorinnenanteils und die Verstärkung von strukturellen Gleichstellungswirkungen. Mit dem Ansatz einer rigorosen Wirkungsevaluation wird untersucht, ob sich kausale Effekte des Programms auf die Erhöhung des Professorinnenanteils nachweisen lassen. Im Vergleich von teilnehmenden und nicht teilnehmenden Hochschulen mit einer Pre-Post-Messung und der Berechnung der Differenz von Differenzen kann ein Effekt von 1,8% an teilnehmenden Hochschulen nachgewiesen werden. Auswahleffekte haben keinen Einfluss. Eine Zeitreihenanalyse belegt, dass bundesweit der Professorinnenanteil stärker stieg, als nach dem Durchschnitt der Vorjahre zu erwarten war. Wie sich die Wirkungen in den Hochschulen entfalten, ist eine offene Forschungsfrage. Mit dem Beitrag konnte ein quasi-experimentelles Forschungsdesign in einem Politikfeld verwirklicht werden, in dem rigorose Wirkungsevaluationen bisher wenig Anwendung finden.
Schlagwörter:Wirkungsanalyse; impact analysis; Evaluation; evaluation; Gleichstellungspolitik; equal opportunity policy; university; Führungsposition; executive position; Hochschullehre; university teaching; Frauenanteil; proportion of women; Berufungsverfahren; ; Federal Republic of Germany; Wirkungsevaluation; Impact Evaluation; Gender Equality; Program Evaluation
Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes
Autor/in:
Winfrey, Kelly L.; Schnoebelen, James M.
Quelle: Review of Communication Research, 7 (2019) , S 109-138
Inhalt: Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections. Twelve years later it was the so-called "Year of the Woman" in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 133 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books using quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical methods. Our analysis demonstrates that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in American political campaigns, and women candidates must work to overcome the belief that they are not masculine enough to be political leaders. Additionally this review reveals two common strategies candidates use to negotiate gender stereotypes: feminine style and gender adaptiveness. We conclude that more research is needed to better understand how candidates navigate gender stereotypes in the 21st century, particularly in political debates and online communication.
Schlagwörter:gender studies; Politik; suffrage; political communication; communication research; Präsidentschaftswahl; Kampagne; politische Kommunikation; Wahlrecht; Wahl; campaign; gender; Stereotyp; Kommunikationsforschung; election; Gender; Kandidatur; stereotype; woman; Geschlechterforschung; politics; presidential election; candidacy; femininer Stil
SSOAR Kategorie:Kommunikationssoziologie, Sprachsoziologie, Soziolinguistik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung